Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

18 U.S.C. § 2311

Definitions

As used in this chapter:

“Aircraft” means any contrivance now known or hereafter invented, used, or designed for navigation of or for flight in the air;

“Cattle” means one or more bulls, steers, oxen, cows, heifers, or calves, or the carcass or carcasses thereof;

“Livestock” means any domestic animals raised for home use, consumption, or profit, such as horses, pigs, llamas, goats, fowl, sheep, buffalo, and cattle, or the carcasses thereof;

“Money” means the legal tender of the United States or of any foreign country, or any counterfeit thereof;

“Motor vehicle” includes an automobile, automobile truck, automobile wagon, motorcycle, or any other self-propelled vehicle designed for running on land but not on rails;

“Securities” includes any note, stock certificate, bond, debenture, check, draft, warrant, traveler’s check, letter of credit, warehouse receipt, negotiable bill of lading, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate; valid or blank motor vehicle title; certificate of interest in property, tangible or intangible; instrument or document or writing evidencing ownership of goods, wares, and merchandise, or transferring or assigning any right, title, or interest in or to goods, wares, and merchandise; or, in general, any instrument commonly known as a “security”, or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, warrant, or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing, or any forged, counterfeited, or spurious representation of any of the foregoing;

“Tax stamp” includes any tax stamp, tax token, tax meter imprint, or any other form of evidence of an obligation running to a State, or evidence of the discharge thereof;

“Value” means the face, par, or market value, whichever is the greatest, and the aggregate value of all goods, wares, and merchandise, securities, and money referred to in a single indictment shall constitute the value thereof.

“Vessel” means any watercraft or other contrivance used or designed for transportation or navigation on, under, or immediately above, water.

June 25, 1948, ch. 64562 Stat. 805Pub. L. 87–371, § 175 Stat. 802Pub. L. 98–547, title II, § 20298 Stat. 2770Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXII, § 320912108 Stat. 2128Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 604(b)(20)110 Stat. 3507Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4002(b)(8)116 Stat. 1808Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 307(b)(1)120 Stat. 240(, ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , .)

Historical and Revision Notes

Oct. 29, 1919, ch. 89, § 2(a)41 Stat. 324May 22, 1934, ch. 33348 Stat. 794Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 413, § 353 Stat. 1178Aug. 18, 1941, ch. 366, § 2(a)55 Stat. 631Sept. 24, 1945, ch. 383, § 159 Stat. 536Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 408, 414(b), (c), 417, 419a(a) (, ; , §§ 2(b), (c), 5, , 795; , ; , ; , ).

The definitive provisions in each of said sections were separated therefrom and consolidated into this one section defining terms used in this chapter.

section 10 of this titleThe definitions of “interstate or foreign commerce”, contained in said section 408 and in sections 414(a) and 419a(b) of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in .

section 408 of title 18Other provisions of , U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 2312 and 2313 of this title.

McBoyleU.SIn the definition of “motor vehicle”, words “designed for running on land but not on rails” were substituted for “not designed for running on rails” so as to conform with the ruling in the case of v. . (1931, 51 S. Ct. 340, 283, U. S. 25, 75 L. Ed. 816), in which the Supreme Court held that “vehicle” is limited to vehicles running on land and that motor vehicle does not include an airplane.

section 417 of title 18In the paragraph defining “value” which came from said , U.S.C., 1940 ed., words “In the event that a defendant is charged in the same indictment with two or more violations of sections 413–419 of this title, then” were omitted and the same meaning was preserved by the substitution of the words “a single” for the word “such.”

Minor changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

Pub. L. 109–1772006— inserted definition of “Vessel”.

Pub. L. 107–2732002— substituted semicolon for period at end of third par.

Pub. L. 104–2941996— substituted “Livestock” for “livestock” in third par.

Pub. L. 103–3221994— inserted definition of “livestock”.

Pub. L. 98–5471984— inserted “valid or blank motor vehicle title;” in definition of “Securities”.

Pub. L. 87–3711961— inserted definition of “Tax stamp”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–294section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104–294section 13 of this titleAmendment by effective , see , set out as a note under .

Short Title of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–482, title I, § 101118 Stat. 3912

section 2318 of this titlesection 2318 of this title“This title [amending and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Anti-counterfeiting Amendments Act of 2004’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–147, § 1111 Stat. 2678

section 1498 of Title 28section 994 of Title 28“This Act [amending sections 2319 to 2320 of this title, sections 101, 506, and 507 of Title 17, Copyrights, and , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘No Electronic Theft (NET) Act’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–153, § 1110 Stat. 1386

section 603 of Title 17section 80302 of Title 49section 1431 of Title 19“This Act [amending sections 1961, 2318, and 2320 of this title, sections 1116 and 1117 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, , Copyrights, sections 1431, 1484, and 1526 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and , Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and ] may be cited as the ‘Anticounterfeiting Consumer Protection Act of 1996’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1992 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–519, § 1106 Stat. 3384

section 2119 of this titlesection 1646b of Title 19“This Act [enacting sections 2119 and 2322 of this title, sections 2026a to 2026c and 2041 to 2044 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, sections 1646b and 1646c of Title 19, Customs Duties, and sections 3750a to 3750d of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 553, 981, 982, 2312, and 2313 of this title, sections 2021 to 2023, 2025, 2027, and 2034 of Title 15, and enacting provisions set out as notes under , sections 2026a, 2026b, and 2041 of Title 15, and ] may be cited as the ‘Anti Car Theft Act of 1992’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1984 Amendments

Pub. L. 98–547, § 1(a)98 Stat. 2754

section 1627 of Title 19section 1901 of Title 15section 2021 of Title 15“This Act [enacting sections 511, 512, 553, and 2320 [now 2321] of this title, sections 2021 to 2034 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and , Customs Duties, amending this section, sections 1961 and 2313 of this title, and , and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984’.”
, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 150198 Stat. 2178

Pub. L. 98–473section 2320 of this title“This chapter [chapter XV (§§ 1501–1503) of title II of , enacting and amending sections 1116, 1117, and 1118 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] may be cited as the ‘Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1982 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–180, § 196 Stat. 91

section 2319 of this titlesection 2318 of this titlesection 506 of Title 17“That this Act [enacting and amending and , Copyrights] may be cited as the ‘Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act of 1982’.”
, , , provided:

Counterfeiting of Trademarked and Copyrighted Merchandise; Congressional Statement of Findings

Pub. L. 104–153, § 2110 Stat. 1386

“The counterfeiting of trademarked and copyrighted merchandise—
“(1)
has been connected with organized crime;
“(2)
deprives legitimate trademark and copyright owners of substantial revenues and consumer goodwill;
“(3)
poses health and safety threats to United States consumers;
“(4)
eliminates United States jobs; and
“(5)
is a multibillion-dollar drain on the United States economy.”
, , , provided that:

Congressional Declaration of Purpose of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–547, § 298 Stat. 2754

“It is the purpose of this Act [see Short Title of 1984 Amendments note above]—
“(1)
to provide for the identification of certain motor vehicles and their major replacement parts to impede motor vehicle theft;
“(2)
to augment the Federal criminal penalties imposed upon persons trafficking in stolen motor vehicles;
“(3)
to encourage decreases in premiums charged consumers for motor vehicle theft insurance; and
“(4)
to reduce opportunities for exporting or importing stolen motor vehicles and off-highway mobile equipment.”
, , , provided that: