US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

18 U.S.C. § 2701

Unlawful access to stored communications

(a)

Offense .—

Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section whoever—
(1)
intentionally accesses without authorization a facility through which an electronic communication service is provided; or
(2)
intentionally exceeds an authorization to access that facility;
and thereby obtains, alters, or prevents authorized access to a wire or electronic communication while it is in electronic storage in such system shall be punished as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(b)

Punishment .—

The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) of this section is—
(1)
if the offense is committed for purposes of commercial advantage, malicious destruction or damage, or private commercial gain, or in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or any State—
(A)
a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, in the case of a first offense under this subparagraph; and
(B)
a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both, for any subsequent offense under this subparagraph; and
(2)
in any other case—
(A)
a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 1 year or both, in the case of a first offense under this paragraph; and
(B)
a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, in the case of an offense under this subparagraph that occurs after a conviction of another offense under this section.
(c)

Exceptions .—

Subsection (a) of this section does not apply with respect to conduct authorized—
(1)
by the person or entity providing a wire or electronic communications service;
(2)
by a user of that service with respect to a communication of or intended for that user; or
(3)
in section 2703, 2704 or 2518 of this title.

Pub. L. 99–508, title II, § 201[(a)]100 Stat. 1860Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K)108 Stat. 2147Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 601(a)(3)110 Stat. 3498Pub. L. 107–296, title XXII, § 2207(j)(2)116 Stat. 2158Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I)132 Stat. 4178(Added , , ; amended , (U), , , 2148; , , ; , formerly title II, § 225(j)(2), , , renumbered § 2207(j)(2), , , .)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(j)(2)(A)Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I)2002—Subsec. (b)(1). , formerly § 225(j)(2)(A), as renumbered by , in introductory provisions, inserted “, or in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or any State” after “commercial gain”.

Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(j)(2)(B)Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I)Subsec. (b)(1)(A). , formerly § 225(j)(2)(B), as renumbered by , substituted “5 years” for “one year”.

Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(j)(2)(C)Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I)Subsec. (b)(1)(B). , formerly § 225(j)(2)(C), as renumbered by , substituted “10 years” for “two years”.

Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(j)(2)(D)Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I)Subsec. (b)(2). , formerly § 225(j)(2)(D), as renumbered by , added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both, in any other case.”

Pub. L. 104–2941996—Subsec. (b)(1)(A), (2). substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of under this title”.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(U)1994—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). , substituted “under this title” for “not more than $250,000”.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(K)Subsec. (b)(2). , substituted “under this title” for “not more than $5,000”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–296section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296section 101 of Title 6Amendment by effective 60 days after , see , set out as an Effective Date note under , Domestic Security.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 99–508, title II, § 202100 Stat. 1868

“This title and the amendments made by this title [enacting this chapter] shall take effect ninety days after the date of the enactment of this Act [] and shall, in the case of conduct pursuant to a court order or extension, apply only with respect to court orders or extensions made after this title takes effect.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–618, § 1102 Stat. 3195

section 2710 of this title“This Act [enacting and renumbering former section 2710 as 2711 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988’.”
, , , provided that:

Short Title

This chapter is popularly known as the “Stored Communications Act”.