Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

20 U.S.C. § 1141

College access challenge grant program

(a)

Authorization and appropriation

There are authorized to be appropriated, and there are appropriated, to carry out this section $150,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2010 through 2014. The authority to award grants under this section shall expire at the end of fiscal year 2014. In addition to the amount authorized and appropriated under the preceding sentence, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 2009 and each of the five succeeding fiscal years.

(b)

Program authorized

(1)

Grants authorized

1

1 So in original. Probably should be “organizations,”.
From amounts appropriated under subsection (a), the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, award grants, from allotments under subsection (c), to States (and to philanthropic organization, as appropriate under paragraph (3)) having applications approved under subsection (d), to enable the State (or philanthropic organization) to pay the Federal share of the costs of carrying out the activities and services described in subsection (f).

(2)

Federal share; non-Federal share

(A)

Federal share

The amount of the Federal share under this section for a fiscal year shall be equal to ⅔ of the costs of the activities and services described in subsection (f) that are carried out under the grant.

(B)

Non-Federal share

The amount of the non-Federal share under this section shall be equal to ⅓ of the costs of the activities and services described in subsection (f). The non-Federal share may be in cash or in-kind, and may be provided from State resources, contributions from private organizations, or both.

(3)

Reduction for failure to pay non-Federal share

If a State fails to provide the full non-Federal share required under this subsection, the Secretary shall reduce the amount of the grant payment under this section proportionately, and may award the proportionate reduction amount of the grant directly to a philanthropic organization, as defined in subsection (i), to carry out this section.

(4)

Temporary ineligibility for subsequent payments

(A)

In general

The Secretary shall determine a grantee to be temporarily ineligible to receive a grant payment under this section for a fiscal year if—
(i)
the grantee fails to submit an annual report pursuant to subsection (h) for the preceding fiscal year; or
(ii)
the Secretary determines, based on information in such annual report, that the grantee is not effectively meeting the conditions described under subsection (g) and the goals of the application under subsection (d).
(B)

Reinstatement

If the Secretary determines that a grantee is ineligible under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may enter into an agreement with the grantee setting forth the terms and conditions under which the grantee may regain eligibility to receive payments under this section.

(c)

Determination of allotment

(1)

Amount of allotment

Subject to paragraph (2), in making grant payments to grantees under this section, the allotment to each grantee for a fiscal year shall be equal to the sum of—
(A)
section 9902(2) of title 42 the amount that bears the same relation to 50 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a) for such fiscal year as the number of residents in the State aged 5 through 17 who are living below the poverty line applicable to the resident’s family size (as determined under ) bears to the total number of such residents in all States; and
(B)
section 9902(2) of title 42 the amount that bears the same relation to 50 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a) for such fiscal year as the number of residents in the State aged 15 through 44 who are living below the poverty line applicable to the individual’s family size (as determined under ) bears to the total number of such residents in all States.
(2)

Minimum amount

The allotment for each State under this section for a fiscal year shall not be an amount that is less than 1.0 percent of the total amount appropriated under subsection (a) for such fiscal year.

(d)

Submission and contents of application

(1)

In general

For each fiscal year for which a grantee desires a grant payment under subsection (b), the State agency with jurisdiction over higher education, or another agency designated by the Governor or chief executive of the State to administer the program under this section, or a philanthropic organization, in accordance with subsection (b)(3), shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and containing the information described in paragraph (2).

(2)

Application

An application submitted under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
(A)
A description of the grantee’s capacity to administer the grant under this section and report annually to the Secretary on the activities and services described in subsection (f).
(B)
A description of the grantee’s plan for using the grant funds to meet the requirements of subsections (f) and (g), including plans for how the grantee will make special efforts to—
(i)
provide such benefits to students in the State that are underrepresented in postsecondary education; or
(ii)
in the case of a philanthropic organization that operates in more than one State, provide benefits to such students in each such State for which the philanthropic organization is receiving grant funds under this section.
(C)
A description of how the grantee will provide or coordinate the provision of the non-Federal share from State resources or private contributions.
(D)
A description of—
(i)
the structure that the grantee has in place to administer the activities and services described in subsection (f); or
(ii)
the plan to develop such administrative capacity.
(e)

Subgrants to nonprofit organizations

section 1085(p) of this titlesection 1078(b) of this titleA State receiving a payment under this section may elect to make a subgrant to one or more nonprofit organizations in the State, including an eligible not-for-profit holder (as described in ), or those nonprofit organizations that have agreements with the Secretary under , or a partnership of such organizations, to carry out activities or services described in subsection (f), if the nonprofit organization or partnership—
(1)
was in existence on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act; and
(2)
as of such day, was participating in activities and services related to increasing access to higher education, such as those activities and services described in subsection (f).
(f)

Allowable uses

(1)

In general

Subject to paragraph (3), a grantee may use a grant payment under this section only for the following activities and services, pursuant to the conditions under subsection (g):
(A)
Information for students and families regarding—
(i)
the benefits of a postsecondary education;
(ii)
postsecondary education opportunities;
(iii)
planning for postsecondary education; and
(iv)
career preparation.
(B)
Information on financing options for postsecondary education and activities that promote financial literacy and debt management among students and families.
(C)
Outreach activities for students who may be at risk of not enrolling in or completing postsecondary education.
(D)
section 1090(a) of this title Assistance in completion of the Free Application for Federal Student Aid or other common financial reporting form under .
(E)
Need-based grant aid for students.
(F)
Professional development for guidance counselors at middle schools and secondary schools, and financial aid administrators and college admissions counselors at institutions of higher education, to improve such individuals’ capacity to assist students and parents with—
(i)
understanding—
(I)
entrance requirements for admission to institutions of higher education; and
(II)
2
2 See References in Text note below.
State eligibility requirements for Academic Competitiveness Grants or National SMART Grants under section 1070a–1  of this title, and other financial assistance that is dependent upon a student’s coursework;
(ii)
applying to institutions of higher education;
(iii)
applying for Federal student financial assistance and other State, local, and private student financial assistance and scholarships;
(iv)
activities that increase students’ ability to successfully complete the coursework required for a postsecondary degree, including activities such as tutoring or mentoring; and
(v)
activities to improve secondary school students’ preparedness for postsecondary entrance examinations.
(G)
Student loan cancellation or repayment (as applicable), or interest rate reductions, for borrowers who are employed in a high-need geographical area or a high-need profession in the State, as determined by the State.
(2)

Prohibited uses

Funds made available under this section shall not be used to promote any lender’s loans.

(3)

Use of funds for administrative purposes

A grantee may use not more than 6 percent of the total amount of the sum of the Federal share provided under this section and the non-Federal share required under this section for administrative purposes relating to the grant under this section.

(g)

Special conditions

(1)

Availability to students and families

A grantee receiving a grant payment under this section shall—
(A)
make the activities and services described in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of subsection (f)(1) that are funded under the payment available to all qualifying students and families in the State;
(B)
allow students and families to participate in the activities and services without regard to—
(i)
the postsecondary institution in which the student enrolls;
(ii)
the type of student loan the student receives;
(iii)
the servicer of such loan; or
(iv)
the student’s academic performance;
(C)
not charge any student or parent a fee or additional charge to participate in the activities or services; and
(D)
in the case of an activity providing grant aid, not require a student to meet any condition other than eligibility for Federal financial assistance under subchapter IV of this chapter, except as provided for in the loan cancellation or repayment or interest rate reductions described in subsection (f)(1)(G).
(2)

Priority

section 9902(2) of title 42A grantee receiving a grant payment under this section shall, in carrying out any activity or service described in subsection (f)(1) with the grant funds, prioritize students and families who are living below the poverty line applicable to the individual’s family size (as determined under ).

(3)

Disclosures

(A)

Organizational disclosures

In the case of a State that has chosen to make a payment to an eligible not-for-profit holder in the State in accordance with subsection (e), the holder shall clearly and prominently indicate the name of the holder and the nature of the holder’s work in connection with any of the activities carried out, or any information or services provided, with such funds.

(B)

Informational disclosures

Any information about financing options for higher education provided through an activity or service funded under this section shall—
(i)
include information to students and the students’ parents of the availability of Federal, State, local, institutional, and other grants and loans for postsecondary education; and
(ii)
present information on financial assistance for postsecondary education that is not provided under subchapter IV of this chapter in a manner that is clearly distinct from information on student financial assistance under such subchapter IV.
(4)

Coordination

A grantee receiving a grant payment under this section shall attempt to coordinate the activities carried out with the grant payment with any existing activities that are similar to such activities, and with any other entities that support the existing activities in the State.

(h)

Report

A grantee receiving a payment under this section shall prepare and submit an annual report to the Secretary on the activities and services carried out under this section, and on the implementation of such activities and services. The report shall include—
(1)
each activity or service that was provided to students and families over the course of the year;
(2)
the cost of providing each activity or service;
(3)
the number, and percentage, if feasible and applicable, of students who received each activity or service; and
(4)
the total contributions from private organizations included in the grantee’s non-Federal share for the fiscal year.
(i)

Definitions

In this section:
(1)

Philanthropic organization

The term “philanthropic organization” means a non-profit organization—
(A)
20 U.S.C. 6301 that does not receive funds under subchapter IV of this chapter or under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 [ et seq.];
(B)
that is not a local educational agency or an institution of higher education;
(C)
that has a demonstrated record of dispersing grant aid to underserved populations to ensure access to, and participation in, higher education;
(D)
that is affiliated with an eligible consortium (as defined in paragraph (2)) to carry out this section; and
(E)
the primary purpose of which is to provide financial aid and support services to students from underrepresented populations to increase the number of such students who enter and remain in college.
(2)

Eligible consortium

The term “eligible consortium” means a partnership of 2 or more entities that have agreed to work together to carry out this section that—
(A)
includes—
(i)
a philanthropic organization, which serves as the manager of the consortium;
(ii)
a State that demonstrates a commitment to ensuring the creation of a Statewide system to address the issues of early intervention and financial support for eligible students to enter and remain in college; and
(iii)
at the discretion of the philanthropic organization described in clause (i), additional partners, including other non-profit organizations, government entities (including local municipalities, school districts, cities, and counties), institutions of higher education, and other public or private programs that provide mentoring or outreach programs; and
(B)
conducts activities to assist students with entering and remaining in college, which may include—
(i)
providing need-based grants to students;
(ii)
providing early notification to low-income students of their potential eligibility for Federal financial aid (which may include assisting students and families with filling out FAFSA forms), as well as other financial aid and other support available from the eligible consortium;
(iii)
encouraging increased student participation in higher education through mentoring or outreach programs; and
(iv)
conducting marketing and outreach efforts that are designed to—
(I)
encourage full participation of students in the activities of the consortium that carry out this section; and
(II)
provide the communities impacted by the activities of the consortium with a general knowledge about the efforts of the consortium.
(3)

Grantee

The term “grantee” means—
(A)
a State awarded a grant under this section; or
(B)
with respect to such a State that has failed to meet the non-Federal share requirement of subsection (b), a philanthropic organization awarded the proportionate reduction amount of such a grant under subsection (b)(3).

Pub. L. 89–329, title VII, § 781Pub. L. 110–84, title VIII, § 801121 Stat. 812Pub. L. 110–315, title VII122 Stat. 3361Pub. L. 111–39, title VII, § 701(6)123 Stat. 1955Pub. L. 111–152, title II, § 2102124 Stat. 1073(, formerly § 771, as added , , ; renumbered § 781 and amended , §§ 709(1), 710, , , 3377; , , ; , , .)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Pub. L. 110–84The date of the enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), probably means the date of enactment of , which enacted this section and was approved .

Section 1070a–1 of this title, referred to in subsec. (f)(1)(F)(i)(II), was omitted from the Code upon the expiration of Secretary’s authority to make grants at the end of award year 2010–2011.

Pub. L. 89–1079 Stat. 27section 6301 of this titleThe Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (i)(1)(A), is , , , which is classified generally to chapter 70 (§ 6301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.

Prior Provisions

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 120179 Stat. 1269Pub. L. 90–575, title II82 Stat. 1042Pub. L. 91–230, title VIII, § 806(b)84 Stat. 192Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 131(d)(1)86 Stat. 260Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 181(a)90 Stat. 2167Pub. L. 95–43, § 1(b)(7)91 Stat. 218Pub. L. 95–180, § 1(a)91 Stat. 1372Pub. L. 96–374, title XIII, § 1391(a)(1)94 Stat. 1503Pub. L. 100–50, § 21(a)101 Stat. 360Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(a)(4)105 Stat. 123Pub. L. 102–325, title XII, § 1201106 Stat. 792Pub. L. 102–394, title III, § 308(a)106 Stat. 1820Pub. L. 103–82, title I, § 111(b)(5)107 Stat. 861Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(j)(48)107 Stat. 2485Pub. L. 105–244, § 3112 Stat. 1585A prior section 1141, , formerly title VIII, § 801, , ; renumbered title XII, § 1201, and amended , §§ 251, 293, 294, , , 1050, 1051; , , ; , , ; , formerly § 181, , , renumbered , , ; , , ; , (b), , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , , defined terms for purposes of this chapter, prior to repeal by , title I, § 101(b), title VII, § 702, , , 1616, 1803, effective .

section 781 of Pub. L. 89–329section 1132i of this titlePub. L. 105–244A prior was classified to , prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1202Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 18290 Stat. 2167Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493Pub. L. 102–325, title XII, § 1202106 Stat. 793Pub. L. 105–244, § 3112 Stat. 1585Section 1142, , formerly § 1207, as added , , ; renumbered § 1202, , , ; amended , , , related to antidiscrimination requirements for institutions of higher education receiving Federal assistance, prior to repeal by , title I, § 101(b), title VII, § 702, , , 1616, 1803, effective .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 120279 Stat. 1270Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 25182 Stat. 1042section 1201 of Pub. L. 96–374Another prior section 1142, , formerly title VIII, § 802, , ; renumbered title XII, § 1202, , , , related to method of payment pursuant to grants, loans, or contracts under this chapter, prior to repeal by .

Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493Prior sections 1142a and 1142b were repealed by , title XIII, § 1393(a), , , 1504, effective .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1202Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 19686 Stat. 324Section 1142a, , as added , , , related to designation of a State postsecondary education commission.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1203Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 19686 Stat. 325Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 17990 Stat. 2166Pub. L. 96–49, § 1293 Stat. 354Section 1142b, , as added , , ; amended , , ; , , , related to comprehensive statewide planning.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 3112 Stat. 1585Prior sections 1143 to 1145g were repealed by , title I, § 101(b), title VII, § 702, , , 1616, 1803, effective .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1203Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493Section 1143, , as added , , , related to State agreements.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 120379 Stat. 1270Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 25182 Stat. 1042Pub. L. 91–230, title IV, § 401(c)(5)84 Stat. 173Another prior section 1143, , formerly title VIII, § 803, , ; renumbered title XII, § 1203, , , , provided for delegation of functions by Commissioner of Education and utilization of services and facilities of other agencies, prior to repeal by , , .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 120479 Stat. 1270Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 25182 Stat. 1042Pub. L. 91–230, title IV, § 401(f)(6)84 Stat. 173Section 1144, , formerly title VIII, § 804, , ; renumbered title XII, § 1204, , , ; amended , , , prohibited Federal control over education.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1204Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1495Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1201100 Stat. 1573Pub. L. 102–73, title VIII, § 801(c)105 Stat. 360Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(j)(49)107 Stat. 2485Section 1144a, , as added , , ; amended , , ; , , ; , , , related to treatment of territories and territorial student assistance.

Pub. L. 92–318, title V, § 51086 Stat. 353Another prior section 1144a, , , , set forth sense of Congress that governing boards of institutions of higher education give consideration to student participation on such boards, prior to being omitted from the Code.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1205Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1495Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1202100 Stat. 1573Pub. L. 102–325, title XII, § 1203106 Stat. 793Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(j)(50)107 Stat. 2485Section 1145, , as added , , ; amended , , ; , , ; –(53), , , related to National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1205Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 291(a)82 Stat. 1049Pub. L. 91–230, title IV, § 401(h)(4)84 Stat. 174section 1201 of Pub. L. 96–374Another prior section 1145, , as added , , ; amended , , , established an Advisory Council on Graduate Education in the Office of Education, prior to repeal by .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1206Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1203100 Stat. 1573Section 1145a, , as added , , , related to Commission to study postsecondary institutional and programmatic recognition process.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1206Pub. L. 92–318, title I, § 19786 Stat. 325Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493Another prior section 1145a, , as added , , , related to supplying cost-of-education data by institutions of higher education, prior to repeal by , , , eff. .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1207Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1204100 Stat. 1576Section 1145b, , as added , , , related to student representation in connection with administration of this chapter.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1202Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 18290 Stat. 2167Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493section 1142 of this titlePub. L. 105–244Another prior section 1145b, , formerly § 1207, as added , , ; renumbered title XII, § 1202, , , , which related to antidiscrimination requirements for institutions of higher education receiving Federal assistance, was transferred to and subsequently repealed by .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1208Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1205100 Stat. 1577Section 1145c, , as added , , , related to financial responsibility of foreign students.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1208Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 18390 Stat. 2167Pub. L. 96–374, title XII, § 120194 Stat. 1493Another prior section 1145c, , as added , , , related to availability of appropriations, prior to repeal by , , , eff. .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1209Pub. L. 102–325, title XII, § 1204106 Stat. 794Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(j)(54)107 Stat. 2485Section 1145d, , as added , , ; amended , , , related to disclosures of foreign gifts.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1209Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1206(a)100 Stat. 1577Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1206(b)100 Stat. 1579Pub. L. 100–50, § 22(f)101 Stat. 362Another prior section 1145d, , as added , , , related to disclosures of foreign gifts, prior to repeal by , , , as amended by , , , effective .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1210Pub. L. 100–50, § 21(b)101 Stat. 360Section 1145d–1, , as added , , , related to application of peer review process.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1211Pub. L. 99–498, title XII, § 1207100 Stat. 1579Pub. L. 100–50, § 21(b)101 Stat. 360Section 1145e, , formerly § 1210, as added , , ; renumbered § 1211, , , , related to aggregate limit of authorization of appropriations.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1212Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6231102 Stat. 1518Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(j)(55)107 Stat. 2485Section 1145f, , formerly § 1211, as added , , ; renumbered § 1212 and amended , (56), , , related to technology transfer centers.

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1213Pub. L. 101–226, § 22(a)(1)103 Stat. 1938Section 1145g, , as added , , , related to drug and alcohol abuse prevention.

Pub. L. 102–325, title XV, § 1541106 Stat. 834Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(k)(13)107 Stat. 2486Pub. L. 105–332, § 6(b)(3)112 Stat. 3128A prior section 1145h, , , ; , , , authorized grants for campus sexual offense education, prior to repeal by , , .

Pub. L. 96–374, title XIII, § 139294 Stat. 1504section 1154 of this titleA prior section 1146, , , , which related to contract authority, was transferred to .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XII, § 1206Pub. L. 90–575, title II, § 29282 Stat. 1050Pub. L. 91–230, title IV, § 401(d)(5)84 Stat. 173Another prior section 1146, , as added , , , provided for dissemination of information and authorization of $2,000,000 for fiscal year ending , and such amount as Congress might authorize for fiscal year ending , prior to repeal by , , .

Pub. L. 99–498, § 3100 Stat. 1278section 1154 of this titleA prior section 1146a, , , , which provided that contracting authority be subject to appropriations, was transferred, and is set out as a Contracting Authority Subject to Appropriations note under .

Pub. L. 89–329, title XIIPub. L. 90–575, title II, § 29582 Stat. 1051Pub. L. 91–230, title IV, § 401(b)84 Stat. 172Prior sections 1147 to 1150, , §§ 1207–1210, as added , , , 1052, provided for program planning and evaluation for higher education programs; advance funding; evaluation reports and Congressional review; and availability of appropriations on academic or school year basis, prior to repeal by , , .

Amendments

Pub. L. 111–152, § 2102(1)2010—Subsec. (a). , substituted “$150,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2010 through 2014. The authority to award grants under this section shall expire at the end of fiscal year 2014.” for “$66,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 and 2009.”

Pub. L. 111–152, § 2102(2)Subsec. (c)(2). , substituted “1.0 percent” for “0.5 percent”.

Pub. L. 111–39, § 701(6)(A)section 9902(2) of title 422009—Subsec. (c)(1). , made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in two places in text as reference to .

Pub. L. 111–39, § 701(6)(B)section 1085(p) of this titlesection 1085(p) of this titleSubsec. (e). , substituted “(as described in )” for “(as defined in , as amended by section 303 of this Act)” and “1078(b)” for “1085(j)” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–39, § 701(6)(C)section 9902(2) of title 42Subsec. (g)(2). , made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to .

Pub. L. 111–39, § 701(6)(D)Subsec. (i). , substituted “consortium” for “consortia” in par. (1)(D) and in par. (2) in heading and wherever appearing in text.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 710(1)2008—Subsec. (a). , substituted “In addition to the amount authorized and appropriated under the preceding sentence, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 2009 and each of the five succeeding fiscal years.” for “The authority to award grants under this section shall expire at the end of fiscal year 2009.”

Pub. L. 110–315, § 710(2)Subsec. (b)(1). , inserted “, subject to the availability of appropriations,” after “the Secretary shall”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 710(3)section 1085(j) of this titleSubsec. (e). , inserted “, or those nonprofit organizations that have agreements with the Secretary under ” before “, or a partnership”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–39Pub. L. 110–315section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39section 1001 of this titleAmendment by effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of (), see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date

section 1(c) of Pub. L. 110–84section 1070a of this titleSection effective , see , set out as an Effective Date of 2007 Amendment note under .