US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

49 U.S.C. § 5125

Preemption

(a)

General .—

Except as provided in subsections (b), (c), and (e) of this section and unless authorized by another law of the United States, a requirement of a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe is preempted if—
(1)
complying with a requirement of the State, political subdivision, or tribe and a requirement of this chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security is not possible; or
(2)
the requirement of the State, political subdivision, or tribe, as applied or enforced, is an obstacle to accomplishing and carrying out this chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security.
(b)

Substantive Differences .—

(1)
Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section and unless authorized by another law of the United States, a law, regulation, order, or other requirement of a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe about any of the following subjects, that is not substantively the same as a provision of this chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security, is preempted:
(A)
the designation, description, and classification of hazardous material.
(B)
the packing, repacking, handling, labeling, marking, and placarding of hazardous material.
(C)
the preparation, execution, and use of shipping documents related to hazardous material and requirements related to the number, contents, and placement of those documents.
(D)
the written notification, recording, and reporting of the unintentional release in transportation of hazardous material and other written hazardous materials transportation incident reporting involving State or local emergency responders in the initial response to the incident.
(E)
the designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce.
(2)
section 5103(b) of this title If the Secretary prescribes or has prescribed under section 5103(b), 5104, 5110, or 5112 of this title or prior comparable provision of law a regulation or standard related to a subject referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe may prescribe, issue, maintain, and enforce only a law, regulation, standard, or order about the subject that is substantively the same as a provision of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. The Secretary shall decide on and publish in the Federal Register the effective date of for any regulation or standard about any of those subjects that the Secretary prescribes. The effective date may not be earlier than 90 days after the Secretary prescribes the regulation or standard nor later than the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date the Secretary prescribes the regulation or standard.
(3)
If a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe imposes a fine or penalty the Secretary decides is appropriate for a violation related to a subject referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, an additional fine or penalty may not be imposed by any other authority.
(c)

Compliance With SectionRegulations 5112(b) .—

(1)
section 5112(b) of this title Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, after the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date a regulation is prescribed under , a State or Indian tribe may establish, maintain, or enforce a highway routing designation over which hazardous material may or may not be transported by motor vehicles, or a limitation or requirement related to highway routing, only if the designation, limitation, or requirement complies with section 5112(b), and is published in the Department’s hazardous materials route registry under section 5112(c).
(2)
(A)
section 5112(b) of this title A highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement established before the date a regulation is prescribed under does not have to comply with section 5112(b)(1)(B), (C), and (F).
(B)
section 5112 of this title This subsection and do not require a State or Indian tribe to comply with section 5112(b)(1)(I) if the highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement was established before .
(C)
section 5112(d) of this title The Secretary may allow a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement to continue in effect until a dispute related to the designation, limitation, or requirement is resolved under .
(d)

Decisions on Preemption .—

(1)
A person (including a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe) directly affected by a requirement of a State, political subdivision, or tribe may apply to the Secretary, as provided by regulations prescribed by the Secretary, for a decision on whether the requirement is preempted by subsection (a), (b)(1), or (c) of this section or section 5119(f). The Secretary shall publish notice of the application in the Federal Register. The Secretary shall issue a decision on an application for a determination within 180 days after the date of the publication of the notice of having received such application, or the Secretary shall publish a statement in the Federal Register of the reason why the Secretary’s decision on the application is delayed, along with an estimate of the additional time necessary before the decision is made. After notice is published, an applicant may not seek judicial relief on the same or substantially the same issue until the Secretary takes final action on the application or until 180 days after the application is filed, whichever occurs first.
(2)
After consulting with States, political subdivisions of States, and Indian tribes, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations for carrying out paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(3)
Subsection (a) of this section does not prevent a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe, or another person directly affected by a requirement, from seeking a decision on preemption from a court of competent jurisdiction instead of applying to the Secretary under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(e)

Waiver of Preemption .—

A State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe may apply to the Secretary for a waiver of preemption of a requirement the State, political subdivision, or tribe acknowledges is preempted by subsection (a), (b)(1), or (c) of this section or section 5119(f). Under a procedure the Secretary prescribes by regulation, the Secretary may waive preemption on deciding the requirement—
(1)
provides the public at least as much protection as do requirements of this chapter and regulations prescribed under this chapter; and
(2)
is not an unreasonable burden on commerce.
(f)

Fees .—

(1)
A State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe may impose a fee related to transporting hazardous material only if the fee is fair and used for a purpose related to transporting hazardous material, including enforcement and planning, developing, and maintaining a capability for emergency response.
(2)
A State or political subdivision thereof or Indian tribe that levies a fee in connection with the transportation of hazardous materials shall biennially report to the Secretary on—
(A)
the basis on which the fee is levied upon persons involved in such transportation;
(B)
the purposes for which the revenues from the fee are used;
(C)
the annual total amount of the revenues collected from the fee; and
(D)
such other matters as the Secretary requests.
(g)

Application of Each Preemption Standard .—

Each standard for preemption in subsection (a), (b)(1), or (c), and in section 5119(f), is independent in its application to a requirement of a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe.
(h)

Non-Federal Enforcement Standards .—

This section does not apply to any procedure, penalty, required mental state, or other standard utilized by a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe to enforce a requirement applicable to the transportation of hazardous material.

Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(d)108 Stat. 781Pub. L. 103–311, title I108 Stat. 1674Pub. L. 103–429, § 6(6)108 Stat. 4378Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, § 1711(b)116 Stat. 2320Pub. L. 109–59, title VII119 Stat. 1907Pub. L. 110–244, title III, § 302(c)122 Stat. 1618Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III126 Stat. 835(, , ; , §§ 107, 117(a)(2), 120(b), , , 1678, 1681; , , ; , , ; , §§ 7122, 7123(a), 7126, , , 1909; , , ; , §§ 33006(d), 33011, 33013(b), , , 838, 839.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Pub. L. 103–272

Revised

Section

Source (U.S. Code)

Source (Statutes at Large)

5125(a)

49 App.:1811(a).

Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, § 112(a)–(e), 88 Stat. 2161; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, § 216(a), 93 Stat. 1015; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, § 13, 104 Stat. 3259.

5125(b)

49 App.:1804(a)(4), (5).

Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, § 105(a)(4), (5), (b)(4), 88 Stat. 2157; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, § 4, 104 Stat. 3247, 3250.

5125(c)

49 App.:1804(b)(4).

5125(d)

49 App.:1811(c).

5125(e)

49 App.:1811(d).

5125(f)

49 App.:1811(e).

5125(g)

49 App.:1811(b).

In subsections (a) and (b)(1), the words “and unless authorized by Federal law” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the reference to subsections (b) and (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1811(a)(3) for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words “ruling, provision” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the word “imposes” is substituted for “assesses” for consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), the words “the procedural requirements of” and “the substantive requirements of” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), the words “procedural requirements of the Federal standards established pursuant to” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words “may bring a civil action for judicial review” are substituted for “may seek judicial review . . . only by filing a petition” for consistency in the revised title.

Pub. L. 103–429

section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994Public Law 103–272108 Stat. 781This amends 49:5125(a) and (b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1804(a)(4) and 1811(a) by (, ).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

Pub. L. 112–141, § 33006(d)2012—Subsec. (b)(1)(D). , inserted “and other written hazardous materials transportation incident reporting involving State or local emergency responders in the initial response to the incident” before period at end.

Pub. L. 112–141, § 33013(b)Subsec. (c)(1). , inserted “, and is published in the Department’s hazardous materials route registry under section 5112(c)” before period at end.

Pub. L. 112–141, § 33011Subsec. (f)(2). , substituted “biennially” for “, upon the Secretary’s request,”.

Pub. L. 110–244, § 302(c)(1)2008—Subsec. (d)(1). , substituted “5119(f)” for “5119(e)”.

Pub. L. 110–244, § 302(c)(2)Subsec. (e). , substituted “5119(f)” for “5119(b)” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 110–244, § 302(c)(2)Subsec. (g). , (3), substituted “(a), (b)(1), or (c)” for “(b), (c)(1), or (d)” and “5119(f)” for “5119(b)”.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7122(a)(1)2005—Subsec. (b)(1)(E). , added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: “the design, manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintenance, reconditioning, repairing, or testing of a packaging or a container represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material.”

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7126Subsec. (b)(2). , substituted “If the Secretary” for “If the Secretary of Transportation”.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7122(a)(2), substituted “subjects that the Secretary prescribes. The” for “subjects that the Secretary prescribes after . However, the”.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7122(b)Subsec. (d)(1). , inserted “or section 5119(e)” before period at end of first sentence.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7122(c)Subsec. (e). , inserted “or section 5119(b)” before period at end of first sentence.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7123(a)Subsec. (f). , redesignated subsec. (g) as (f), realigned margins, and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (f). Text read as follows: “A party to a proceeding under subsection (d) or (e) of this section may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for judicial review of the decision of the Secretary not later than 60 days after the decision becomes final.”

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7123(a)(2)Subsec. (g). , redesignated subsec. (h) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (f).

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7123(a)(2)Subsecs. (h), (i). , redesignated subsecs. (h) and (i) as (g) and (h), respectively.

Pub. L. 109–59, § 7122(d), added subsecs. (h) and (i).

Pub. L. 107–2962002—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). substituted “chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security” for “chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter” wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 103–4291994—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). inserted “and unless authorized by another law of the United States” after “section” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 103–311, § 117(a)(2)Subsec. (b)(1)(E). , substituted “a packaging or a” for “a package or”.

Pub. L. 103–311, § 120(b)Subsec. (d). , inserted after second sentence “The Secretary shall issue a decision on an application for a determination within 180 days after the date of the publication of the notice of having received such application, or the Secretary shall publish a statement in the Federal Register of the reason why the Secretary’s decision on the application is delayed, along with an estimate of the additional time necessary before the decision is made.”

Pub. L. 103–311, § 107Subsec. (g). , designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–141section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141section 101 of Title 23Amendment by effective , see , set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under , Highways.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–296section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296section 101 of Title 6Amendment by effective 60 days after , see , set out as an Effective Date note under , Domestic Security.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–429section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429section 321 of this titleAmendment by effective , see , set out as a note under .