that the continuing technological progress and improvement in methods of manufacture, packaging, and marketing of consumer products has resulted in an ever-mounting increase, and in a change in the characteristics, of the mass material discarded by the purchaser of such products;
(2)
that the economic and population growth of our Nation, and the improvements in the standard of living enjoyed by our population, have required increased industrial production to meet our needs, and have made necessary the demolition of old buildings, the construction of new buildings, and the provision of highways and other avenues of transportation, which, together with related industrial, commercial, and agricultural operations, have resulted in a rising tide of scrap, discarded, and waste materials;
(3)
that the continuing concentration of our population in expanding metropolitan and other urban areas has presented these communities with serious financial, management, intergovernmental, and technical problems in the disposal of solid wastes resulting from the industrial, commercial, domestic, and other activities carried on in such areas;
(4)
that while the collection and disposal of solid wastes should continue to be primarily the function of State, regional, and local agencies, the problems of waste disposal as set forth above have become a matter national in scope and in concern and necessitate Federal action through financial and technical assistance and leadership in the development, demonstration, and application of new and improved methods and processes to reduce the amount of waste and unsalvageable materials and to provide for proper and economical solid waste disposal practices.
(b)
Environment and health
The Congress finds with respect to the environment and health, that—
(1)
although land is too valuable a national resource to be needlessly polluted by discarded materials, most solid waste is disposed of on land in open dumps and sanitary landfills;
(2)
disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste in or on the land without careful planning and management can present a danger to human health and the environment;
(3)
42 U.S.C. 740133 U.S.C. 1251 as a result of the Clean Air Act [ et seq.], the Water Pollution Control Act [ et seq.], and other Federal and State laws respecting public health and the environment, greater amounts of solid waste (in the form of sludge and other pollution treatment residues) have been created. Similarly, inadequate and environmentally unsound practices for the disposal or use of solid waste have created greater amounts of air and water pollution and other problems for the environment and for health;
(4)
open dumping is particularly harmful to health, contaminates drinking water from underground and surface supplies, and pollutes the air and the land;
(5)
the placement of inadequate controls on hazardous waste management will result in substantial risks to human health and the environment;
(6)
if hazardous waste management is improperly performed in the first instance, corrective action is likely to be expensive, complex, and time consuming;
(7)
certain classes of land disposal facilities are not capable of assuring long-term containment of certain hazardous wastes, and to avoid substantial risk to human health and the environment, reliance on land disposal should be minimized or eliminated, and land disposal, particularly landfill and surface impoundment, should be the least favored method for managing hazardous wastes; and
(8)
alternatives to existing methods of land disposal must be developed since many of the cities in the United States will be running out of suitable solid waste disposal sites within five years unless immediate action is taken.
(c)
Materials
The Congress finds with respect to materials, that—
(1)
millions of tons of recoverable material which could be used are needlessly buried each year;
(2)
methods are available to separate usable materials from solid waste; and
(3)
the recovery and conservation of such materials can reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign resources and reduce the deficit in its balance of payments.
(d)
Energy
The Congress finds with respect to energy, that—
(1)
solid waste represents a potential source of solid fuel, oil, or gas that can be converted into energy;
(2)
the need exists to develop alternative energy sources for public and private consumption in order to reduce our dependence on such sources as petroleum products, natural gas, nuclear and hydroelectric generation; and
(3)
technology exists to produce usable energy from solid waste.
act July 14, 1955, ch. 36069 Stat. 322section 7401 of this titleThe Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is , , which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§ 7401 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.
act June 30, 1948, ch. 75862 Stat. 1155Pub. L. 92–500, § 286 Stat. 816section 1251 of Title 33The Water Pollution Control Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), probably means , , known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended generally by , , , which is classified generally to chapter 26 (§ 1251 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.
Codification
Pub. L. 89–272, title IIsection 2 of Pub. L. 94–58090 Stat. 2795The statutory system governing the disposal of solid wastes set out in this chapter is found in , as amended in its entirety and completely revised by , , . See Short Title of 1976 Amendment note below.
Pub. L. 94–580The act, as set out in this chapter, carries a statutory credit showing the sections as having been added by , without reference to amendments to the act between its original enactment in 1965 and its complete revision in 1976. The act, as originally enacted in 1965, was classified to section 3251 et seq. of this title. For a recapitulation of the provisions of the act as originally enacted, see notes in chapter 39 (§ 3251 et seq.) of this title where the act was originally set out.
Prior Provisions
section 3251 of this titlePub. L. 94–580Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in prior to the general amendment of the Solid Waste Disposal Act by .
Amendments
Pub. L. 98–6161984—Subsec. (b)(5) to (8). added pars. (5) to (7), struck out former par. (5) providing that “hazardous waste presents, in addition to the problems associated with non-hazardous solid waste, special dangers to health and requires a greater degree of regulation than does non-hazardous solid waste; and”, redesignated former par. (6) as (8), and substituted a period for the semicolon at end.
Pub. L. 95–6091978—Subsec. (a)(4). substituted “solid waste” for “solid-waste”.
Pub. L. 109–58section 6991b of this title“This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 1521–1533) of title XV of , enacting sections 6991j to 6991m of this title, amending sections 6991 to 6991f, 6991h, and 6991i of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Underground Storage Tank Compliance Act’.”
section 6949a of this title“This Act [amending sections 6921, 6924, 6925, 6947, and 6949a of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996’.”
“This title [enacting sections 6908, 6939c to 6939e, and 6965 of this title, amending sections 6903, 6924, 6927, and 6961 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6939c and 6961 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992’.”
section 3063 of Title 18section 6903 of this title“This Act [enacting sections 6992 to 6992k of this title and , Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amending ] may be cited as the ‘Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988’.”
“This Act [enacting sections 6917, 6936 to 6939a, 6949a, 6979a, 6979b, and 6991 to 6991i of this title, amending this section and sections 6902, 6905, 6912, 6915, 6916, 6921 to 6933, 6935, 6941 to 6945, 6948, 6956, 6962, 6972, 6973, 6976, 6982 and 6984 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6905, 6921 and 6926 of this title] may be cited as ‘The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984’.”
section 6981 of this title“This Act [enacting sections 6933, 6934, 6941a, 6955, and 6956 of this title, amending sections 6903, 6905, 6911, 6912, 6916, 6921, 6922, 6924, 6925, 6927 to 6931, 6941 to 6943, 6945, 6946, 6948, 6949, 6952, 6953, 6962, 6963, 6964, 6971, 6973, 6974, 6976, 6979, and 6982 of this title; and enacting and repealing provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments of 1980’.”
“This Act [enacting sections 6901a, 6914a and 6932 of this title, amending sections 6903, 6943 and 6948 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6363 and 6932 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980’.”
section 6981 of this title“This Act [enacting this chapter and provisions set out as notes under this section and ] may be cited as the ‘Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976’.”
“This title (hereinafter in this title referred to as ‘this Act’), together with the following table of contents, may be cited as the ‘Solid Waste Disposal Act’ ”
, as added by , , , provided that:
[table of contents omitted].
National Commission on Materials Policy
Pub. L. 91–512, title II84 Stat. 1234, §§ 201–206, , , known as the “National Materials Policy Act of 1970”, provided for the establishment of the National Commission on Materials Policy to make a full investigation and study for the purpose of developing a national materials policy to utilize present resources and technology more efficiently and to anticipate the future materials requirements of the Nation and the world, the Commission to submit to the President and Congress a report on its findings and recommendations no later than , ninety days after the submission of which it should cease to exist.
Executive Documents
Federal Compliance With Pollution Control Standards
section 4321 of this titleFor provisions relating to the responsibility of the head of each Executive agency for compliance with applicable pollution control standards, see Ex. Ord. No. 12088, , 43 F.R. 47707, set out as a note under .