US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

10 U.S.C. § 531

Original appointments of commissioned officers

(a)
(1)
Original appointments in the grades of second lieutenant, first lieutenant, and captain in the Regular Army, Regular Air Force, Regular Marine Corps, and Space Force, and in the grades of ensign, lieutenant (junior grade), and lieutenant in the Regular Navy shall be made by the President alone.
(2)
Original appointments in the grades of major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel in the Regular Army, Regular Air Force, Regular Marine Corps, and Space Force, and in the grades of lieutenant commander, commander, and captain in the Regular Navy shall be made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(b)
section 533 of this titlesection 533(f) of this title The grade of a person receiving an appointment under this section who at the time of appointment (1) is credited with service under , and (2) is not a commissioned officer of a reserve component shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense based upon the amount of service credited. The grade of a person receiving an appointment under this section who at the time of the appointment is a commissioned officer of a reserve component is determined under .
(c)
Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President, an original appointment as a commissioned officer in the Regular Army, Regular Air Force, Regular Navy, Regular Marine Corps, or Space Force may be made by the Secretary of Defense in the case of a reserve commissioned officer upon the transfer of such officer from the reserve active-status list of a reserve component of the armed forces to the active-duty list of an armed force, notwithstanding the requirements of subsection (a).

Pub. L. 96–513, title I, § 104(a)94 Stat. 2845Pub. L. 97–22, § 3(a)95 Stat. 124Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 501(a)(4)118 Stat. 1873Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, § 501(a)133 Stat. 1343Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, § 924(b)(4)(A)134 Stat. 3822Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, § 1716(b)(2)137 Stat. 633Pub. L. 118–159, div. A, title V, § 521(c)(1)138 Stat. 1880(Added , , ; amended , , ; , (c)(5), , , 1874; , , ; , (13), , , 3823; , , ; , , .)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

Pub. L. 118–159, § 521(c)(1)(A)2024—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “Regular Marine Corps, and Space Force, and in the grades of ensign, lieutenant (junior grade), and lieutenant in the Regular Navy” for “and Regular Marine Corps in the grades of ensign, lieutenant (junior grade), and lieutenant in the Regular Navy, and in the equivalent grades in the Space Force”.

Pub. L. 118–159, § 521(c)(1)(B)Subsec. (a)(2). , substituted “Regular Marine Corps, and Space Force, and in the grades of lieutenant commander, commander, and captain in the Regular Navy” for “and Regular Marine Corps in the grades of lieutenant commander, commander, and captain in the Regular Navy, and in the equivalent grades in the Space Force”.

Pub. L. 118–312023— struck out “Regular” before “Space Force” wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 924(b)(13)(A)2021—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “in the grades of ensign, lieutenant (junior grade), and lieutenant in the Regular Navy, and in the equivalent grades in the Regular Space Force” for “and in the grades of ensign, lieutenant (junior grade), and lieutenant in the Regular Navy”.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 924(b)(13)(B)Subsec. (a)(2). , substituted “in the grades of lieutenant commander, commander, and captain in the Regular Navy, and in the equivalent grades in the Regular Space Force” for “and in the grades of lieutenant commander, commander, and captain in the Regular Navy”.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 924(b)(4)(A)Subsec. (c). , substituted “Regular Marine Corps, or Regular Space Force” for “or Regular Marine Corps”.

Pub. L. 116–922019—Subsec. (c). substituted “the Secretary of Defense” for “the Secretary concerned”.

Pub. L. 108–375, § 501(a)(4)2004—Subsec. (a). , amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: “Original appointments in the grades of second lieutenant through colonel in the Regular Army, Regular Air Force, and Regular Marine Corps and in the grades of ensign through captain in the Regular Navy shall be made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.”

Pub. L. 108–375, § 501(c)(5)Subsec. (c). , added subsec. (c).

Pub. L. 97–221981— designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 501(g)118 Stat. 1875

“(1)
section 647 of this titlesection 522 of this title Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting , amending this section and sections 532, 619, 641, 1174, 2114, 12201, 12203, and 12731 of this title, and repealing ] shall take effect on the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [].
“(2)
section 532 of this title The amendment made by subsection (a)(1) [amending ] shall take effect on .”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date

section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513section 101 of this titleSection effective , but the authority to prescribe regulations under this chapter effective on , see , set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under .

Transition Provisions Under Defense Officer Personnel Management Act

Pub. L. 96–513Pub. L. 96–513Pub. L. 96–513section 611 of this titleFor provisions to prevent extinction or premature termination of rights, duties, penalties, or proceedings that existed or were begun prior to the effective date of and otherwise to allow for an orderly transition to the system of officer personnel management put in place under , see section 601 et seq. of , set out as a note under .

Program To Increase Use of Certain Nurses by Military Departments

Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VII, § 708103 Stat. 1475

“(a)

Program Required .—

(1)
Not later than , the Secretary of each military department shall implement a program to appoint persons who have an associate degree or diploma in nursing (but have not received a baccalaureate degree in nursing) as officers and to assign such officers to duty as nurses.
“(2)
An officer appointed pursuant to the program required by subsection (a) shall be appointed in a warrant officer grade or in a commissioned grade not higher than O–3. Such officer may not be promoted above the grade of O–3 unless the officer receives a baccalaureate degree in nursing.
“(b)

Report on Implementation .—

Not later than , the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the actions taken by the Secretaries of the military departments to implement the program required by this section.”
, , , provided that:

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 13384. Assignment of Functions Relating to Original Appointments as Commissioned Officers and Chief Warrant Officer Appointments in the Armed Forces

Ex. Ord. No. 13384, , 70 F.R. 43739, provided:

section 301 of title 3By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including , United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SectionAssignment of Functions to the Secretary of Defense 1. . The Secretary of Defense shall perform the functions of the President under the following provisions of title 10, United States Code:

(a) subsection 531(a)(1); and

(b) the second sentence of subsection 571(b).

SecReassignment of Functions Assigned. 2. . The Secretary of Defense may not reassign the functions assigned to him by this order.

SecGeneral Provisions. 3. . (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit or otherwise affect the authority of the President as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, or under the Constitution and laws of the United States to nominate or to make or terminate appointments.

(b) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, entities, officers, employees or agents, or any other person.

George W. Bush.