US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

12 U.S.C. § 24a

Financial subsidiaries of national banks

(a)

Authorization to conduct in subsidiaries certain activities that are financial in nature

(1)

In general

Subject to paragraph (2), a national bank may control a financial subsidiary, or hold an interest in a financial subsidiary.

(2)

Conditions and requirements

A national bank may control a financial subsidiary, or hold an interest in a financial subsidiary, only if—
(A)
the financial subsidiary engages only in—
(i)
activities that are financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity pursuant to subsection (b); and
(ii)
activities that are permitted for national banks to engage in directly (subject to the same terms and conditions that govern the conduct of the activities by a national bank);
(B)
the activities engaged in by the financial subsidiary as a principal do not include—
(i)
15 U.S.C. 6712section 72 of title 26 insuring, guaranteeing, or indemnifying against loss, harm, damage, illness, disability, or death (except to the extent permitted under section 302 or 303(c) of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act [ or 6713(c)]) or providing or issuing annuities the income of which is subject to tax treatment under ;
(ii)
real estate development or real estate investment activities, unless otherwise expressly authorized by law; or
(iii)
section 1843(k)(4) of this titlesection 1843(k)(4)(H) of this title any activity permitted in subparagraph (H) or (I) of , except activities described in that may be permitted in accordance with section 122 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act;
(C)
the national bank and each depository institution affiliate of the national bank are well capitalized and well managed;
(D)
the aggregate consolidated total assets of all financial subsidiaries of the national bank do not exceed the lesser of—
(i)
45 percent of the consolidated total assets of the parent bank; or
(ii)
$50,000,000,000;
(E)
except as provided in paragraph (4), the national bank meets standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency or other requirement set forth in paragraph (3); and
(F)
the national bank has received the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency for the financial subsidiary to engage in such activities, which approval shall be based solely upon the factors set forth in this section.
(3)

Requirement

(A)

In general

A national bank meets the requirements of this paragraph if the bank is one of the 100 largest insured banks and has not fewer than 1 issue of outstanding debt that meets standards of credit-worthiness or other criteria as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may jointly establish.

(B)

Consolidated total assets

For purposes of this paragraph, the size of an insured bank shall be determined on the basis of the consolidated total assets of the bank as of the end of each calendar year.

(4)

Financial agency subsidiary

The requirement in paragraph (2)(E) shall not apply with respect to the ownership or control of a financial subsidiary that engages in activities described in subsection (b)(1) solely as agent and not directly or indirectly as principal.

(5)

Regulations required

Before the end of the 270-day period beginning on , the Comptroller of the Currency shall, by regulation, prescribe procedures to implement this section.

(6)

Indexed asset limit

The dollar amount contained in paragraph (2)(D) shall be adjusted according to an indexing mechanism jointly established by regulation by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(7)

section 1843(l)(2) of this title Coordination with

lSection 1843()(2) of this title applies to a national bank that controls a financial subsidiary in the manner provided in that section.

(b)

Activities that are financial in nature

(1)

Financial activities

(A)

In general

An activity shall be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity only if—
(i)
section 1843(k)(4) of this title such activity has been defined to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity for bank holding companies pursuant to ; or
(ii)
the Secretary of the Treasury determines the activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity in accordance with subparagraph (B).
(B)

Coordination between the Board and the Secretary of the Treasury

(i)

Proposals raised before the Secretary of the Treasury

(I)

Consultation

The Secretary of the Treasury shall notify the Board of, and consult with the Board concerning, any request, proposal, or application under this section for a determination of whether an activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity.

(II)

Board view

The Secretary of the Treasury shall not determine that any activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity under this section if the Board notifies the Secretary in writing, not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the notice described in subclause (I) (or such longer period as the Secretary determines to be appropriate under the circumstances) that the Board believes that the activity is not financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity or is not otherwise permissible under this section.

(ii)

Proposals raised by the Board

(I)

Board recommendation

The Board may, at any time, recommend in writing that the Secretary of the Treasury find an activity to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity for purposes of this section.

(II)

Time period for secretarial action

Not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of a written recommendation from the Board under subclause (I) (or such longer period as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board determine to be appropriate under the circumstances), the Secretary shall determine whether to initiate a public rulemaking proposing that the subject recommended activity be found to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity under this section, and shall notify the Board in writing of the determination of the Secretary and, in the event that the Secretary determines not to seek public comment on the proposal, the reasons for that determination.

(2)

Factors to be considered

In determining whether an activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity, the Secretary shall take into account—
(A)
1
1 So in original.
the purposes of this Act  and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act;
(B)
changes or reasonably expected changes in the marketplace in which banks compete;
(C)
changes or reasonably expected changes in the technology for delivering financial services; and
(D)
whether such activity is necessary or appropriate to allow a bank and the subsidiaries of a bank to—
(i)
compete effectively with any company seeking to provide financial services in the United States;
(ii)
efficiently deliver information and services that are financial in nature through the use of technological means, including any application necessary to protect the security or efficacy of systems for the transmission of data or financial transactions; and
(iii)
offer customers any available or emerging technological means for using financial services or for the document imaging of data.
(3)

Authorization of new financial activities

1The Secretary of the Treasury shall, by regulation or order and in accordance with paragraph (1)(B), define, consistent with the purposes of this Act  and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the following activities as, and the extent to which such activities are, financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity:
(A)
Lending, exchanging, transferring, investing for others, or safeguarding financial assets other than money or securities.
(B)
Providing any device or other instrumentality for transferring money or other financial assets.
(C)
Arranging, effecting, or facilitating financial transactions for the account of third parties.
(c)

Capital deduction

(1)

Capital deduction required

In determining compliance with applicable capital standards—
(A)
the aggregate amount of the outstanding equity investment, including retained earnings, of a national bank in all financial subsidiaries shall be deducted from the assets and tangible equity of the national bank; and
(B)
the assets and liabilities of the financial subsidiaries shall not be consolidated with those of the national bank.
(2)

Financial statement disclosure of capital deduction

Any published financial statement of a national bank that controls a financial subsidiary shall, in addition to providing information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, separately present financial information for the bank in the manner provided in paragraph (1).

(d)

Safeguards for the bank

A national bank that establishes or maintains a financial subsidiary shall assure that—
(1)
the procedures of the national bank for identifying and managing financial and operational risks within the national bank and the financial subsidiary adequately protect the national bank from such risks;
(2)
the national bank has, for the protection of the bank, reasonable policies and procedures to preserve the separate corporate identity and limited liability of the national bank and the financial subsidiaries of the national bank; and
(3)
the national bank is in compliance with this section.
(e)

Provisions applicable to national banks that fail to continue to meet certain requirements

(1)

In general

If a national bank or insured depository institution affiliate does not continue to meet the requirements of subsection (a)(2)(C) or subsection (d), the Comptroller of the Currency shall promptly give notice to the national bank to that effect describing the conditions giving rise to the notice.

(2)

Agreement to correct conditions

Not later than 45 days after the date of receipt by a national bank of a notice given under paragraph (1) (or such additional period as the Comptroller of the Currency may permit), the national bank shall execute an agreement with the Comptroller of the Currency and any relevant insured depository institution affiliate shall execute an agreement with its appropriate Federal banking agency to comply with the requirements of subsection (a)(2)(C) and subsection (d).

(3)

Imposition of conditions

Until the conditions described in a notice under paragraph (1) are corrected—
(A)
the Comptroller of the Currency may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of the national bank or any subsidiary of the national bank as the Comptroller of the Currency determines to be appropriate under the circumstances and consistent with the purposes of this section; and
(B)
the appropriate Federal banking agency may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of any relevant insured depository institution affiliate or any subsidiary of the institution as such agency determines to be appropriate under the circumstances and consistent with the purposes of this section.
(4)

Failure to correct

If the conditions described in a notice to a national bank under paragraph (1) are not corrected within 180 days after the date of receipt by the national bank of the notice, the Comptroller of the Currency may require the national bank, under such terms and conditions as may be imposed by the Comptroller and subject to such extension of time as may be granted in the discretion of the Comptroller, to divest control of any financial subsidiary.

(5)

Consultation

In taking any action under this subsection, the Comptroller shall consult with all relevant Federal and State regulatory agencies and authorities.

(f)

2
2 So in original. Probably should be “or meet”.
Failure to meet standards of credit-worthiness meet  applicable criteria

(1)

In general

A national bank that does not continue to meet standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency or other requirement of subsection (a)(2)(E) after acquiring or establishing a financial subsidiary shall not, directly or through a subsidiary, purchase or acquire any additional equity capital of any financial subsidiary until the bank meets such requirements.

(2)

Equity capital

For purposes of this subsection, the term “equity capital” includes, in addition to any equity instrument, any debt instrument issued by a financial subsidiary, if the instrument qualifies as capital of the subsidiary under any Federal or State law, regulation, or interpretation applicable to the subsidiary.

(g)

Definitions

For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:
(1)

Affiliate, company, control, and subsidiary

section 1841 of this titleThe terms “affiliate”, “company”, “control”, and “subsidiary” have the meanings given those terms in .

(2)

Appropriate Federal banking agency, depository institution, insured bank, and insured depository institution

section 1813 of this titleThe terms “appropriate Federal banking agency”, “depository institution”, “insured bank”, and “insured depository institution” have the meanings given those terms in .

(3)

Financial subsidiary

The term “financial subsidiary” means any company that is controlled by 1 or more insured depository institutions other than a subsidiary that—
(A)
engages solely in activities that national banks are permitted to engage in directly and are conducted subject to the same terms and conditions that govern the conduct of such activities by national banks; or
(B)
12 U.S.C. 60112 U.S.C. 1861 a national bank is specifically authorized by the express terms of a Federal statute (other than this section), and not by implication or interpretation, to control, such as by section 25 or 25A of the Federal Reserve Act [ et seq., 611 et seq.] or the Bank Service Company Act [ et seq.].
(4)

Eligible debt

The term “eligible debt” means unsecured long-term debt that—
(A)
is not supported by any form of credit enhancement, including a guarantee or standby letter of credit; and
(B)
is not held in whole or in any significant part by any affiliate, officer, director, principal shareholder, or employee of the bank or any other person acting on behalf of or with funds from the bank or an affiliate of the bank.
(5)

Well capitalized

oThe term “well capitalized” has the meaning given the term in section 1831 of this title.

(6)

Well managed

The term “well managed” means—
(A)
in the case of a depository institution that has been examined, unless otherwise determined in writing by the appropriate Federal banking agency—
(i)
the achievement of a composite rating of 1 or 2 under the Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System (or an equivalent rating under an equivalent rating system) in connection with the most recent examination or subsequent review of the depository institution; and
(ii)
at least a rating of 2 for management, if such rating is given; or
(B)
in the case of any depository institution that has not been examined, the existence and use of managerial resources that the appropriate Federal banking agency determines are satisfactory.

Pub. L. 106–102, title I, § 121(a)(2)113 Stat. 1373Pub. L. 111–203, title IX, § 939(d)124 Stat. 1886(R.S. § 5136A, as added , , ; amended , , .)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Pub. L. 106–102113 Stat. 1338section 1843 of this titlesection 1811 of this titleThe Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(B)(iii), (b)(2)(A), (3), is , , . Section 122 of the Act is set out as a note under . For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out under and Tables.

Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is classified to subchapter I (§ 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of this title. Section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act is classified to subchapter II (§ 611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of this title.

Pub. L. 87–85676 Stat. 1132section 1861 of this titleThe Bank Service Company Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is , , , which is classified generally to chapter 18 (§ 1861 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see and Tables.

Prior Provisions

Pub. L. 106–102section 25a of this titleA prior section 5136A of the Revised Statutes was renumbered section 5136B by and is classified to .

Amendments

Pub. L. 111–203, § 939(d)(1)2010—Subsec. (a)(2)(E). , substituted “standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency” for “any applicable rating”.

Pub. L. 111–203, § 939(d)(2)Subsec. (a)(3). , substituted “Requirement” for “Rating or comparable requirement” in heading.

Pub. L. 111–203, § 939(d)(3)Subsec. (a)(3)(A). , amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “A national bank meets the requirements of this paragraph if—

“(i) the bank is 1 of the 50 largest insured banks and has not fewer than 1 issue of outstanding eligible debt that is currently rated within the 3 highest investment grade rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization; or

“(ii) the bank is 1 of the second 50 largest insured banks and meets the criteria set forth in clause (i) or such other criteria as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may jointly establish by regulation and determine to be comparable to and consistent with the purposes of the rating required in clause (i).”

Pub. L. 111–203, § 939(d)(4)Subsec. (f). , substituted “meet standards of credit-worthiness” for “maintain public rating or” in heading.

Pub. L. 111–203, § 939(d)(5)Subsec. (f)(1). , substituted “standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency” for “any applicable rating”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–203, title IX, § 939(g)124 Stat. 1887

section 286hh of Title 22“The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 1817, 1831e, and 4519 of this title, sections 78c and 80a–6 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and , Foreign Relations and Intercourse] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [].”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date

section 161 of Pub. L. 106–102section 24 of this titleSection effective 120 days after , see , set out as an Effective Date of 1999 Amendment note under .