US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

20 U.S.C. § 1085

Definitions for student loan insurance program

As used in this part:
(a)

Eligible institution

(1)

In general

section 1002 of this titleExcept as provided in paragraph (2), the term “eligible institution” means an institution of higher education, as defined in , except that, for the purposes of sections 1077(a)(2)(C)(i) and 1078(b)(1)(M)(i) of this title, an eligible institution includes any institution that is within this definition without regard to whether such institution is participating in any program under this subchapter and includes any institution ineligible for participation in any program under this part pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.

(2)

Ineligibility based on high default rates

(A)
An institution whose cohort default rate is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in subparagraph (B) for each of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available shall not be eligible to participate in a program under this part for the fiscal year for which the determination is made and for the two succeeding fiscal years, unless, within 30 days of receiving notification from the Secretary of the loss of eligibility under this paragraph, the institution appeals the loss of its eligibility to the Secretary. The Secretary shall issue a decision on any such appeal within 45 days after its submission. Such decision may permit the institution to continue to participate in a program under this part if—
(i)
the institution demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the Secretary’s calculation of its cohort default rate is not accurate, and that recalculation would reduce its cohort default rate for any of the three fiscal years below the threshold percentage specified in subparagraph (B);
(ii)
there are exceptional mitigating circumstances within the meaning of paragraph (5); or
(iii)
there are, in the judgment of the Secretary, other exceptional mitigating circumstances that would make the application of this paragraph inequitable.
During such appeal, the Secretary may permit the institution to continue to participate in a program under this part. If an institution continues to participate in a program under this part, and the institution’s appeal of the loss of eligibility is unsuccessful, the institution shall be required to pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the amount of interest, special allowance, reinsurance, and any related payments made by the Secretary (or which the Secretary is obligated to make) with respect to loans made under this part to students attending, or planning to attend, that institution during the pendency of such appeal.
(B)
For purposes of determinations under subparagraph (A), the threshold percentage is—
(i)
35 percent for fiscal year 1991 and 1992;
(ii)
30 percent for fiscal year 1993;
(iii)
25 percent for fiscal year 1994 through fiscal year 2011; and
(iv)
30 percent for fiscal year 2012 and any succeeding fiscal year.
(C)
Until , this paragraph shall not apply to any institution that is—
(i)
section 1061(2) of this title a part B institution within the meaning of ;
(ii)
section 1801(a)(4) of title 25 a tribally controlled college or university, as defined in ; or
(iii)
a Navajo Community College under the Navajo Community College Act.
(D)
Notwithstanding the first sentence of subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall restore the eligibility to participate in a program under subpart 1 of part A, part B, or part E of an institution that did not appeal its loss of eligibility within 30 days of receiving notification if the Secretary determines, on a case-by-case basis, that the institution’s failure to appeal was substantially justified under the circumstances, and that—
(i)
the institution made a timely request that the appropriate guaranty agency correct errors in the draft data used to calculate the institution’s cohort default rate;
(ii)
the guaranty agency did not correct the erroneous data in a timely fashion; and
(iii)
the institution would have been eligible if the erroneous data had been corrected by the guaranty agency.
(3)

Appeals for regulatory relief

An institution whose cohort default rate, calculated in accordance with subsection (m), is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in paragraph (2)(B)(iv) for any two consecutive fiscal years may, not later than 30 days after the date the institution receives notification from the Secretary, file an appeal demonstrating exceptional mitigating circumstances, as defined in paragraph (5). The Secretary shall issue a decision on any such appeal not later than 45 days after the date of submission of the appeal. If the Secretary determines that the institution demonstrates exceptional mitigating circumstances, the Secretary may not subject the institution to provisional certification based solely on the institution’s cohort default rate.

(4)

Appeals based upon allegations of improper loan servicing

An institution that—
(A)
is subject to loss of eligibility for the Federal Family Education Loan Program pursuant to paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection;
(B)
1
1 See References in Text note below.
is subject to loss of eligibility for the Federal Supplemental Loans for Students pursuant to section 1078–1(a)(2)  of this title; or
(C)
is an institution whose cohort default rate equals or exceeds 20 percent for the most recent year for which data are available;
may include in its appeal of such loss or rate a defense based on improper loan servicing (in addition to other defenses). In any such appeal, the Secretary shall take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that such institution has access for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days, to a representative sample (as determined by the Secretary) of the relevant loan servicing and collection records used by a guaranty agency in determining whether to pay a claim on a defaulted loan or by the Department in determining an institution’s default rate in the loan program under part D of this subchapter. The Secretary shall reduce the institution’s cohort default rate to reflect the percentage of defaulted loans in the representative sample that are required to be excluded pursuant to subsection (m)(1)(B).
(5)

Definition of mitigating circumstances

(A)
For purposes of this subsection, an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of paragraph (2) inequitable, and that provide for regulatory relief under paragraph (3), if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:
(i)
For a 12-month period that ended during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution’s cohort default rate is determined, at least two-thirds of the students enrolled on at least a half-time basis at the institution—
(I)
section 1070a(b)(2)(A) of this title are eligible to receive a Federal Pell Grant award that is at least equal to one-half the Federal Pell Grant amount, determined under , for which a student would be eligible based on the student’s enrollment status; or
(II)
have an adjusted gross income that when added with the adjusted gross income of the student’s parents (unless the student is an independent student), of less than the poverty level, as determined by the Department of Health and Human Services.
(ii)
In the case of an institution of higher education that offers an associate, baccalaureate, graduate or professional degree, 70 percent or more of the institution’s regular students who were initially enrolled on a full-time basis and were scheduled to complete their programs during the same 12-month period described in clause (i)—
(I)
completed the educational programs in which the students were enrolled;
(II)
transferred from the institution to a higher level educational program;
(III)
at the end of the 12-month period, remained enrolled and making satisfactory progress toward completion of the student’s educational programs; or
(IV)
entered active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States.
(iii)
(I)
In the case of an institution of higher education that does not award a degree described in clause (ii), had a placement rate of 44 percent or more with respect to the institution’s former regular students who—
(aa)
remained in the program beyond the point the students would have received a 100 percent tuition refund from the institution;
(bb)
were initially enrolled on at least a half-time basis; and
(cc)
were originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete their educational programs during the same 12-month period described in clause (i).
(II)
The placement rate shall not include students who are still enrolled and making satisfactory progress in the educational programs in which the students were originally enrolled on the date following 12 months after the date of the student’s last date of attendance at the institution.
(III)
The placement rate is calculated by determining the percentage of all those former regular students who—
(aa)
are employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, on the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution;
(bb)
were employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, for at least 13 weeks before the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution; or
(cc)
entered active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States.
(IV)
The placement rate shall not include as placements a student or former student for whom the institution is the employer.
(B)
For purposes of determining a rate of completion and a placement rate under this paragraph, a student is originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete the educational program on the date when the student will have been enrolled in the program for the amount of time normally required to complete the program. The amount of time normally required to complete the program for a student who is initially enrolled full-time is the period of time specified in the institution’s enrollment contract, catalog, or other materials, for completion of the program by a full-time student. For a student who is initially enrolled less than full-time, the period is the amount of time it would take the student to complete the program if the student remained enrolled at that level of enrollment throughout the program.
(6)

Reduction of default rates at certain minority institutions

(A)

Beneficiaries of exception required to establish management plan

After , any institution that has a cohort default rate that equals or exceeds 25 percent for each of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available and that relies on the exception in subparagraph (B) to continue to be an eligible institution shall—
(i)
submit to the Secretary a default management plan which the Secretary, in the Secretary’s discretion, after consideration of the institution’s history, resources, dollars in default, and targets for default reduction, determines is acceptable and provides reasonable assurance that the institution will, by , have a cohort default rate that is less than 25 percent;
(ii)
section 1059d of this title engage an independent third party (which may be paid with funds received under or part B of subchapter III) to provide technical assistance in implementing such default management plan; and
(iii)
provide to the Secretary, on an annual basis or at such other intervals as the Secretary may require, evidence of cohort default rate improvement and successful implementation of such default management plan.
(B)

Discretionary eligibility conditioned on improvement

Notwithstanding the expiration of the exception in paragraph (2)(C), the Secretary may, in the Secretary’s discretion, continue to treat an institution described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph as an eligible institution for each of the 1-year periods beginning on July 1 of 1999 through 2003, only if the institution submits by the beginning of such period evidence satisfactory to the Secretary that—
(i)
such institution has complied and is continuing to comply with the requirements of subparagraph (A); and
(ii)
such institution has made substantial improvement, during each of the preceding 1-year periods, in the institution’s cohort default rate.
(7)

Default prevention and assessment of eligibility based on high default rates

(A)

First year

(i)

In general

An institution whose cohort default rate is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in paragraph (2)(B)(iv) in any fiscal year shall establish a default prevention task force to prepare a plan to—
(I)
identify the factors causing the institution’s cohort default rate to exceed such threshold;
(II)
establish measurable objectives and the steps to be taken to improve the institution’s cohort default rate; and
(III)
specify actions that the institution can take to improve student loan repayment, including appropriate counseling regarding loan repayment options.
(ii)

Technical assistance

Each institution subject to this subparagraph shall submit the plan under clause (i) to the Secretary, who shall review the plan and offer technical assistance to the institution to promote improved student loan repayment.

(B)

Second consecutive year

(i)

In general

An institution whose cohort default rate is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in paragraph (2)(B)(iv) for two consecutive fiscal years, shall require the institution’s default prevention task force established under subparagraph (A) to review and revise the plan required under such subparagraph, and shall submit such revised plan to the Secretary.

(ii)

Review by the Secretary

The Secretary shall review each revised plan submitted in accordance with this subparagraph, and may direct that such plan be amended to include actions, with measurable objectives, that the Secretary determines, based on available data and analyses of student loan defaults, will promote student loan repayment.

(8)

Participation rate index

(A)

In general

An institution that demonstrates to the Secretary that the institution’s participation rate index is equal to or less than 0.0625 for any of the 3 most recent fiscal years for which data is available shall not be subject to paragraph (2). The participation rate index shall be determined by multiplying the institution’s cohort default rate for loans under this part or part D, or weighted average cohort default rate for loans under this part and part D, by the percentage of the institution’s regular students, enrolled on at least a half-time basis, who received a loan made under this part or part D for a 12-month period ending during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution’s cohort default rate is determined.

(B)

Data

An institution shall provide the Secretary with sufficient data to determine the institution’s participation rate index within 30 days after receiving an initial notification of the institution’s draft cohort default rate.

(C)

Notification

Prior to publication of a final cohort default rate for an institution that provides the data described in subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall notify the institution of the institution’s compliance or noncompliance with subparagraph (A).

(b)

Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(b)(1)106 Stat. 549, (c) Repealed. , (c), ,

(d)

Eligible lender

(1)

In general

Except as provided in paragraphs (2) through (6), the term “eligible lender” means—
(A)
a National or State chartered bank, a mutual savings bank, a savings and loan association, a stock savings bank, or a credit union which—
(i)
is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States or of the State in which its principal place of operation is established, and
(ii)
section 1813(a)(1) of title 12section 501(c)(3) of title 26 does not have as its primary consumer credit function the making or holding of loans made to students under this part unless (I) it is a bank which is wholly owned by a State, or a bank which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States, makes student loans as a trustee pursuant to an express trust, operated as a lender under this part prior to , and which meets the requirements of this provision prior to , (II) it is a single wholly owned subsidiary of a bank holding company which does not have as its primary consumer credit function the making or holding of loans made to students under this part, (III) it is a bank (as defined in ) that is a wholly owned subsidiary of a nonprofit foundation, the foundation is described in and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such title, and the bank makes loans under this part only to undergraduate students who are age 22 or younger and has a portfolio of such loans that is not more than $5,000,000, or (IV) it is a National or State chartered bank, or a credit union, with assets of less than $1,000,000,000;
(B)
29 U.S.C. 1001 a pension fund as defined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act [ et seq.];
(C)
an insurance company which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States or a State;
(D)
in any State, a single agency of the State or a single nonprofit private agency designated by the State;
(E)
an eligible institution which meets the requirements of paragraphs (2) through (5) of this subsection;
(F)
section 1087–3 of this title for purposes only of purchasing and holding loans made by other lenders under this part, the Student Loan Marketing Association or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to , or an agency of any State functioning as a secondary market;
(G)
section 1087–3 of this title for purposes of making loans under sections 1078–2(d) and 1078–3 of this title, the Student Loan Marketing Association or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to ;
(H)
1 for purposes of making loans under sections 1078(h)  and 1078(j) of this title, a guaranty agency;
(I)
64 Stat. 98 a Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, or its successor agency, which has received Federal funds under Public Law 499, Eighty-first Congress ( (1950));
(J)
section 1078–3 of this title for purpose of making loans under , any nonprofit private agency functioning in any State as a secondary market; and
(K)
a consumer finance company subsidiary of a national bank which, as of , through one or more subsidiaries: (i) acts as a small business lending company, as determined under regulations of the Small Business Administration under section 120.470 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (as such section is in effect on ); and (ii) participates in the program authorized by this part pursuant to subparagraph (C), provided the national bank and all of the bank’s direct and indirect subsidiaries taken together as a whole, do not have, as their primary consumer credit function, the making or holding of loans made to students under this part.
(2)

Requirements for eligible institutions

(A)

In general

To be an eligible lender under this part, an eligible institution—
(i)
shall employ at least one person whose full-time responsibilities are limited to the administration of programs of financial aid for students attending such institution;
(ii)
shall not be a home study school;
(iii)
shall not—
(I)
make a loan to any undergraduate student;
(II)
make a loan other than a loan under section 1078 or 1078–8 of this title to a graduate or professional student; or
(III)
make a loan to a borrower who is not enrolled at that institution;
(iv)
shall award any contract for financing, servicing, or administration of loans under this subchapter on a competitive basis;
(v)
shall offer loans that carry an origination fee or an interest rate, or both, that are less than such fee or rate authorized under the provisions of this subchapter;
(vi)
shall not have a cohort default rate (as defined in subsection (m)) greater than 10 percent;
(vii)
section 1078(b)(1)(U)(iii)(I) of this title shall, for any year for which the institution engages in activities as an eligible lender, provide for a compliance audit conducted in accordance with , and the regulations thereunder, and submit the results of such audit to the Secretary;
(viii)
shall use any proceeds from special allowance payments and interest payments from borrowers, interest subsidies received from the Department of Education, and any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of loans, for need-based grant programs; and
(ix)
shall have met the requirements of subparagraphs (A) through (F) of this paragraph as in effect on the day before , and made loans under this part, on or before .
(B)

Administrative expenses

An eligible lender under subparagraph (A) shall be permitted to use a portion of the proceeds described in subparagraph (A)(viii) for reasonable and direct administrative expenses.

(C)

Supplement, not supplant

An eligible lender under subparagraph (A) shall ensure that the proceeds described in subparagraph (A)(viii) are used to supplement, and not to supplant, non-Federal funds that would otherwise be used for need-based grant programs.

(3)

Disqualification for high default rates

section 1078(a)(1) of this titleThe term “eligible lender” does not include any eligible institution in any fiscal year immediately after the fiscal year in which the Secretary determines, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that for each of 2 consecutive years, 15 percent or more of the total amount of such loans as are described in made by the institution with respect to students at that institution and repayable in each such year, are in default, as defined in subsection (m).

(4)

Waiver of disqualification

Whenever the Secretary determines that—
(A)
section 1078(a)(1) of this title there is reasonable possibility that an eligible institution may, within 1 year after a determination is made under paragraph (3), improve the collection of loans described in , so that the application of paragraph (3) would be a hardship to that institution, or
(B)
the termination of the lender’s status under paragraph (3) would be a hardship to the present or for prospective students of the eligible institution, after considering the management of that institution, the ability of that institution to improve the collection of loans, the opportunities that institution offers to economically disadvantaged students, and other related factors,
the Secretary shall waive the provisions of paragraph (3) with respect to that institution. Any determination required under this paragraph shall be made by the Secretary prior to the termination of an eligible institution as a lender under the exception of paragraph (3). Whenever the Secretary grants a waiver pursuant to this paragraph, the Secretary shall provide technical assistance to the institution concerned in order to improve the collection rate of such loans.
(5)

Disqualification for use of certain incentives

The term “eligible lender” does not include any lender that the Secretary determines, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, has—
(A)
offered, directly or indirectly, points, premiums, payments (including payments for referrals and for processing or finder fees), prizes, stock or other securities, travel, entertainment expenses, tuition payment or reimbursement, the provision of information technology equipment at below-market value, additional financial aid funds, or other inducements, to any institution of higher education, any employee of an institution of higher education, or any individual or entity in order to secure applicants for loans under this part;
(B)
conducted unsolicited mailings, by postal or electronic means, of student loan application forms to students enrolled in secondary schools or postsecondary institutions, or to family members of such students, except that applications may be mailed, by postal or electronic means, to students or borrowers who have previously received loans under this part from such lender;
(C)
entered into any type of consulting arrangement, or other contract to provide services to a lender, with an employee who is employed in the financial aid office of an institution of higher education, or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to student loans or other financial aid of the institution;
(D)
compensated an employee who is employed in the financial aid office of an institution of higher education, or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to student loans or other financial aid of the institution, and who is serving on an advisory board, commission, or group established by a lender or group of lenders for providing such service, except that the eligible lender may reimburse such employee for reasonable expenses incurred in providing such service;
(E)
l performed for an institution of higher education any function that such institution of higher education is required to perform under this title, except that a lender shall be permitted to perform functions on behalf of such institution in accordance with section 1092(b) or 1092() of this title;
(F)
l paid, on behalf of an institution of higher education, another person to perform any function that such institution of higher education is required to perform under this subchapter, except that a lender shall be permitted to perform functions on behalf of such institution in accordance with section 1092(b) or 1092() of this title;
(G)
provided payments or other benefits to a student at an institution of higher education to act as the lender’s representative to secure applications under this subchapter from individual prospective borrowers, unless such student—
(i)
is also employed by the lender for other purposes; and
(ii)
made all appropriate disclosures regarding such employment;
(H)
offered, directly or indirectly, loans under this part as an inducement to a prospective borrower to purchase a policy of insurance or other product; or
(I)
engaged in fraudulent or misleading advertising.
It shall not be a violation of this paragraph for a lender to provide technical assistance to institutions of higher education comparable to the kinds of technical assistance provided to institutions of higher education by the Department.
(6)

Rebate fee requirement

section 1078–3(f) of this titleTo be an eligible lender under this part, an eligible lender shall pay rebate fees in accordance with .

(7)

Eligible lender trustees

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, an eligible lender may not make or hold a loan under this part as trustee for an institution of higher education, or for an organization affiliated with an institution of higher education, unless—
(A)
the eligible lender is serving as trustee for that institution or organization as of , under a contract that was originally entered into before , and that continues in effect or is renewed after ; and
(B)
the institution or organization, and the eligible lender, with respect to its duties as trustee, each comply on and after , with the requirements of paragraph (2), except that—
(i)
the requirements of clauses (i), (ii), (vi), and (viii) of paragraph (2)(A) shall, subject to clause (ii) of this subparagraph, only apply to the institution (including both an institution for which the lender serves as trustee and an institution affiliated with an organization for which the lender serves as trustee);
(ii)
in the case of an organization affiliated with an institution—
(I)
the requirements of clauses (iii) and (v) of paragraph (2)(A) shall apply to the organization; and
(II)
the requirements of clause (viii) of paragraph (2)(A) shall apply to the institution or the organization (or both), if the institution or organization receives (directly or indirectly) the proceeds described in such clause;
(iii)
the requirements of clauses (iv) and (ix) of paragraph (2)(A) shall not apply to the eligible lender, institution, or organization; and
(iv)
the eligible lender, institution, and organization shall ensure that the loans made or held by the eligible lender as trustee for the institution or organization, as the case may be, are included in a compliance audit in accordance with clause (vii) of paragraph (2)(A).
(8)

School as lender program audit

Each institution serving as an eligible lender under paragraph (1)(E), and each eligible lender serving as a trustee for an institution of higher education or an organization affiliated with an institution of higher education, shall annually complete and submit to the Secretary a compliance audit to determine whether—
(A)
the institution or lender is using all proceeds from special allowance payments and interest payments from borrowers, interest subsidies received from the Department, and any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of loans, for need-based grant programs, in accordance with paragraph (2)(A)(viii);
(B)
the institution or lender is using not more than a reasonable portion of the proceeds described in paragraph (2)(A)(viii) for direct administrative expenses; and
(C)
the institution or lender is ensuring that the proceeds described in paragraph (2)(A)(viii) are being used to supplement, and not to supplant, Federal and non-Federal funds that would otherwise be used for need-based grant programs.
(e)

Line of credit

The term “line of credit” means an arrangement or agreement between the lender and the borrower whereby a loan is paid out by the lender to the borrower in annual installments, or whereby the lender agrees to make, in addition to the initial loan, additional loans in subsequent years.

(f)

Due diligence

The term “due diligence” requires the utilization by a lender, in the servicing and collection of loans insured under this part, of servicing and collection practices at least as extensive and forceful as those generally practiced by financial institutions for the collection of consumer loans.

(g)

Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(f)106 Stat. 550, (h) Repealed. , ,

(i)

Holder

The term “holder” means an eligible lender who owns a loan.

(j)

Guaranty agency

section 1078(b) of this titleThe term “guaranty agency” means any State or nonprofit private institution or organization with which the Secretary has an agreement under .

(k)

Insurance beneficiary

section 1079(d) of this titleThe term “insurance beneficiary” means the insured or its authorized representative assigned in accordance with .

(l)

Default

Except as provided in subsection (m), the term “default” includes only such defaults as have existed for (1) 270 days in the case of a loan which is repayable in monthly installments, or (2) 330 days in the case of a loan which is repayable in less frequent installments.

(m)

Cohort default rate

(1)

In general

(A)
1section 1078–3 of this title Except as provided in paragraph (2), the term “cohort default rate” means, for any fiscal year in which 30 or more current and former students at the institution enter repayment on loans under section 1078, 1078–1, or 1078–8 of this title received for attendance at the institution, the percentage of those current and former students who enter repayment on such loans (or on the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay any such loans) received for attendance at that institution in that fiscal year who default before the end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the students entered repayment. The Secretary shall require that each guaranty agency that has insured loans for current or former students of the institution afford such institution a reasonable opportunity (as specified by the Secretary) to review and correct errors in the information required to be provided to the Secretary by the guaranty agency for the purposes of calculating a cohort default rate for such institution, prior to the calculation of such rate.
(B)
In determining the number of students who default before the end of such second fiscal year, the Secretary shall include only loans for which the Secretary or a guaranty agency has paid claims for insurance. In considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3), the Secretary shall exclude, from the calculation of the number of students who entered repayment and from the calculation of the number of students who default, any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would, as demonstrated by the evidence submitted in support of the institution’s timely appeal to the Secretary, result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of such cohort default rate.
(C)
section 1078–3 of this title For any fiscal year in which fewer than 30 of the institution’s current and former students enter repayment, the term “cohort default rate” means the percentage of such current and former students who entered repayment on such loans (or on the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay any such loans) in any of the three most recent fiscal years, who default before the end of the second fiscal year following the year in which they entered repayment.
(2)

Special rules

(A)
In the case of a student who has attended and borrowed at more than one school, the student (and such student’s subsequent repayment or default) is attributed to each school for attendance at which the student received a loan that entered repayment in the fiscal year.
(B)
A loan on which a payment is made by the school, such school’s owner, agent, contractor, employee, or any other entity or individual affiliated with such school, in order to avoid default by the borrower, is considered as in default for purposes of this subsection.
(C)
section 1078–6(b) of this title Any loan which has been rehabilitated before the end of the second fiscal year following the year in which the loan entered repayment is not considered as in default for purposes of this subsection. The Secretary may require guaranty agencies to collect data with respect to defaulted loans in a manner that will permit the identification of any defaulted loan for which (i) the borrower is currently making payments and has made not less than 6 consecutive on-time payments by the end of such second fiscal year, and (ii) a guaranty agency has renewed the borrower’s subchapter IV eligibility as provided in .
(D)
1section 1078–3 of this title11section 1078–3 of this title1 For the purposes of this subsection, a loan made in accordance with section 1078–1  of this title (or the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay a loan made under section 1078–1  of this title) shall not be considered to enter repayment until after the borrower has ceased to be enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree or certificate at an eligible institution on at least a half-time basis (as determined by the institution) and ceased to be in a period of forbearance based on such enrollment. Each eligible lender of a loan made under section 1078–1  of this title (or a loan made under a portion of which is used to repay a loan made under section 1078–1  of this title) shall provide the guaranty agency with the information necessary to determine when the loan entered repayment for purposes of this subsection, and the guaranty agency shall provide such information to the Secretary.
(3)

Regulations to prevent evasions

The Secretary shall prescribe regulations designed to prevent an institution from evading the application to that institution of a default rate determination under this subsection through the use of such measures as branching, consolidation, change of ownership or control, or any similar device.

(4)

Collection and reporting of cohort default rates and life of cohort default rates

(A)
section 1078–3 of this title The Secretary shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing cohort default data and life of cohort default rates for each category of institution, including: (i) four-year public institutions; (ii) four-year private nonprofit institutions; (iii) two-year public institutions; (iv) two-year private nonprofit institutions; (v) four-year proprietary institutions; (vi) two-year proprietary institutions; and (vii) less than two-year proprietary institutions. For purposes of this subparagraph, for any fiscal year in which one or more current and former students at an institution enter repayment on loans under section 1078, 1078–2, or 1078–8 of this title, received for attendance at the institution, the Secretary shall publish the percentage of those current and former students who enter repayment on such loans (or on the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay any such loans) received for attendance at the institution in that fiscal year who default before the end of each succeeding fiscal year.
(B)
The Secretary may designate such additional subcategories within the categories specified in subparagraph (A) as the Secretary deems appropriate.
(C)
The Secretary shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing default data for each institution for which a cohort default rate is calculated under this subsection.
(D)
The Secretary shall publish the report described in subparagraph (C) by September 30 of each year.
(n)

Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(f)106 Stat. 550 Repealed. , ,

(o)

Economic hardship

(1)

In general

For purposes of this part and part E, a borrower shall be considered to have an economic hardship if—
(A)
such borrower is working full-time and is earning an amount which does not exceed the greater of—
(i)
section 206 of title 29 the minimum wage rate described in ; or
(ii)
section 9902(2) of title 42 an amount equal to 150 percent of the poverty line applicable to the borrower’s family size as determined in accordance with ; or
(B)
such borrower meets such other criteria as are established by the Secretary by regulation in accordance with paragraph (2).
(2)

Considerations

In establishing criteria for purposes of paragraph (1)(B), the Secretary shall consider the borrower’s income and debt-to-income ratio as primary factors.

(p)

Eligible not-for-profit holder

(1)

Definition

section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this titlesection 1141 of this titleSubject to the limitations in paragraph (2) and the prohibition in paragraph (3), the term “eligible not-for-profit holder” means an eligible lender under subsection (d) (except for an eligible lender described in subsection (d)(1)(E)) that requests a special allowance payment under or a payment under and that is—
(A)
section 144(b) of title 26 a State, or a political subdivision, authority, agency, or other instrumentality thereof, including such entities that are eligible to issue bonds described in section 1.103–1 of title 26, Code of Federal Regulations, or ;
(B)
an entity described in section 150(d)(2) of such title that has not made the election described in section 150(d)(3) of such title;
(C)
an entity described in section 501(c)(3) of such title; or
(D)
acting as a trustee on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d).
(2)

Limitations

(A)

Existing on

(i)

In general

An eligible lender shall not be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter unless such lender—
(I)
was a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) that was, on , acting as an eligible lender under subsection (d) (other than an eligible lender described in subsection (d)(1)(E)); or
(II)
section 1087–1 of this title is acting as a trustee on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d), and such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity, on , was the sole beneficial owner of a loan eligible for any special allowance payment under .
(ii)

Exception

2

2 So in original. Probably should be “with respect to the”.
Notwithstanding clause (i), a State may elect, in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, to waive the requirements of this subparagraph for a new not-for-profit holder determined by the State to be necessary to carry out a public purpose of such State, except that a State may not make such election with respect the  requirements of clause (i)(II).

(B)

No for-profit ownership or control

(i)

In general

No State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter if such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.

(ii)

Trustees

A trustee described in paragraph (1)(D) shall not be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter with respect to a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d), if such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.

(C)

Sole ownership of loans and income

No State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, trustee, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), (C), or (D) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter with respect to any loan, or income from any loan, unless—
(i)
such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the sole beneficial owner of such loan and the income from such loan; or
(ii)
such trustee holds the loan on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d), and such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the sole beneficial owner of such loan and the income from such loan.
(D)

Trustee compensation limitations

A trustee described in paragraph (1)(D) shall not receive compensation as consideration for acting as an eligible lender on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d), in excess of reasonable and customary fees.

(E)

Rule of construction

For purposes of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph, a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d), shall not—
(i)
be deemed to be owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity; or
(ii)
lose its status as the sole owner of a beneficial interest in a loan and the income from a loan,
by such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity, or by the trustee described in paragraph (1)(D), granting a security interest in, or otherwise pledging as collateral, such loan, or the income from such loan, to secure a debt obligation for which such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the issuer of the debt obligation.
(3)

Prohibition

section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this titlesection 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this titlesection 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(I) of this titleIn the case of a loan for which the special allowance payment is calculated under and that is sold by the eligible not-for-profit holder holding the loan to an entity that is not an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter, the special allowance payment for such loan shall, beginning on the date of the sale, no longer be calculated under and shall be calculated under instead.

(4)

Regulations

Not later than 1 year after , the Secretary shall promulgate regulations in accordance with the provisions of this subsection.

Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 435Pub. L. 99–498, title IV, § 402(a)100 Stat. 1408Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)101 Stat. 347Pub. L. 101–239, title II103 Stat. 2113Pub. L. 101–508, title III, § 3004(a)104 Stat. 1388–26Pub. L. 101–542, title III, § 301104 Stat. 2387Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(a)(1)105 Stat. 123Pub. L. 102–325, title IV106 Stat. 519Pub. L. 103–66, title IV107 Stat. 362Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(55)107 Stat. 2468Pub. L. 103–235, § 1108 Stat. 381Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 357108 Stat. 3967Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)]110 Stat. 3009–233Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 102(b)(2)112 Stat. 1622Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, §§ 308(a), 312]114 Stat. 2763Pub. L. 109–171, title VIII, § 8011120 Stat. 165Pub. L. 109–292, § 3(a)120 Stat. 1340Pub. L. 110–84, title III, § 304121 Stat. 797Pub. L. 110–109, § 4121 Stat. 1028Pub. L. 110–315, title IV122 Stat. 3253–3256Pub. L. 111–39, title IV, § 402(b)(2)123 Stat. 1940Pub. L. 111–152, title II, § 2101(b)(3)124 Stat. 1073(, as added , , ; amended , , ; , §§ 2003(a)(2), 2007(a), , , 2120; , , ; , , ; , , ; , §§ 416(e)(2), 427(a), (b)(1), (c)–(g), , , 549, 550; , §§ 4046(b)(1), 4106(b), , , 368; –(62), , , 2469; , , ; , , ; , , , 3009–283; , title IV, § 429(a)–(c)(1), (d), title IX, § 901(d), , , 1704–1709, 1828; , , , 2763A–45, 2763A–46; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , §§ 436(a)(1), (b)–(e)(1), 438(a)(3), , , 3258; , (f)(10), , , 1944; , , .)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Pub. L. 92–18985 Stat. 646The Navajo Community College Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C)(iii), is , , , which was classified to section 640a et seq. of Title 25, Indians, and was omitted from the Code as being of special and not general application.

Pub. L. 93–40688 Stat. 829section 1001 of Title 29The Employee Retirement Income Security Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), probably means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, , , , which is classified principally to chapter 18 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.

Section 1078–1 of this titlePub. L. 103–66, title IV, § 4047(b)107 Stat. 364Pub. L. 105–244, title IV, § 418112 Stat. 1691, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4)(B) and (m)(1)(A), (2)(D), was repealed by –(d), , , eff. , except with respect to loans provided under that section as it existed prior to . Subsequently, a new section 1078–1, relating to voluntary flexible agreements with guaranty agencies, was enacted by , , .

Section 1078(h) of this titlePub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 438(a)(2)(B)122 Stat. 3258, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(H), was repealed by , , .

64 Stat. 98act May 3, 1950, ch. 15264 Stat. 98section 1001 of Title 7Public Law 499, Eighty-first Congress ( (1950)), referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(I), is , , known as the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation Trust Liquidation Act, which was classified to sections 440 to 444 of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, and as notes set out under , Agriculture, and section 440 of former Title 40, and was omitted from the Code.

Prior Provisions

Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 43579 Stat. 1247Pub. L. 89–698, title II, § 20480 Stat. 1072Pub. L. 90–575, title I82 Stat. 1023Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 127(a)90 Stat. 2130Pub. L. 95–43, § 1(a)(35)91 Stat. 216Pub. L. 96–374, title IV94 Stat. 1418Pub. L. 99–272, title XVI100 Stat. 347Pub. L. 99–498A prior section 1085, , , ; , , ; , §§ 116(a), 118(a), , , 1026; , , ; , (36), , ; , §§ 413(e), 421(e)(2), title XIII, § 1391(a)(1), , , 1432, 1503; , §§ 16017(b)(2), 16020, , , 349, defined terms used in this part, prior to the general revision of this part by .

Amendments

Pub. L. 111–152section 1070a(b)(2)(A) of this title2010—Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i)(I). substituted “one-half the Federal Pell Grant amount, determined under , for which a student would be eligible” for “one-half the maximum Federal Pell Grant award for which a student would be eligible”.

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(A)section 1801(a)(4) of title 25section 1801(a)(4) of title 252009—Subsec. (a)(2)(C)(ii). , substituted “a tribally controlled college or university, as defined in ” for “a tribally controlled community college within the meaning of ”.

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(i)Subsec. (d)(1). , substituted “section 501(a) of such title” for “section 501(1) of such title” in subpar. (A)(ii)(III) and “sections 1078–2(d) and 1078–3 of this title,” for “sections 1078–1(d), 1078–2(d), and 1078–3 of this title,” in subpar (G).

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(ii)Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vi), (3). , (iii), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to subsec. (m).

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(iv)Subsec. (d)(5)(A). , substituted “to any institution of higher education, any employee of an institution of higher education, or any individual or entity in order to secure applicants for loans under this part” for “to any institution of higher education or any employee of an institution of higher education in order to secure applicants for loans under this part”.

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(b)(2)lSubsec. (d)(5)(E), (F). , inserted “or 1092()” after “section 1092(b)”.

oPub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(C)section 9902(2) of title 42Subsec. ()(1)(A)(ii). , made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to .

Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(D)section 1141 of this titleSubsec. (p)(1). , made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to .

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(A)(i)2008—Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(ii). , substituted “paragraph (5)” for “paragraph (4)”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(A)(ii)Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iii), (iv). , added cls. (iii) and (iv) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: “25 percent for any succeeding fiscal year.”

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(B)Subsec. (a)(3) to (8). –(E), added pars. (3) and (7), redesignated former pars. (3), (4), (5), and (6), as (4), (5), (6), and (8), respectively, and, in introductory provisions of par. (5)(A), substituted “For purposes of this subsection, an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of paragraph (2) inequitable, and that provide for regulatory relief under paragraph (3), if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:” for “For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)(ii), an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of that paragraph inequitable if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(F)Subsec. (a)(8)(A). , substituted “0.0625” for “0.0375”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(b)Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii). , substituted “part, (III)” for “part, or (III)” and inserted “, or (IV) it is a National or State chartered bank, or a credit union, with assets of less than $1,000,000,000” before semicolon at end.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 438(a)(3)Subsec. (d)(1)(G). , substituted “and 1078–3” for “1078–3, and 1087–2(q)”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(c)Subsec. (d)(5). , amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) related to disqualification for use of certain incentives.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(d)Subsec. (d)(8). , added par. (8).

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(i)Subsec. (m)(1)(A). , substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the students entered repayment” for “end of the following fiscal year” in first sentence.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(ii)Subsec. (m)(1)(B). , substituted “such second fiscal year” for “such fiscal year”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(iii)Subsec. (m)(1)(C). , substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the year in which they entered repayment” for “end of the fiscal year immediately following the year in which they entered repayment”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(B)Subsec. (m)(2)(C). , substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the year in which the loan entered repayment is not considered as in default for purposes of this subsection” for “end of such following fiscal year is not considered as in default for the purposes of this subsection” and “such second fiscal year” for “such following fiscal year”.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(C)(i)Subsec. (m)(4). , substituted “Collection and reporting of cohort default rates and life of cohort default rates” for “Collection and reporting of cohort default rates” in heading.

Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(C)(ii)Subsec. (m)(4)(A). , amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary shall collect data from all insurers under this part and shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing default data for each category of institution, including (i) 4-year public institutions, (ii) 4-year private institutions, (iii) 2-year public institutions, (iv) 2-year private institutions, (v) 4-year proprietary institutions, (vi) 2-year proprietary institutions, and (vii) less than 2-year proprietary institutions.”

oPub. L. 110–84, § 304(1)(A)2007—Subsec. ()(1)(A)(ii). , substituted “150 percent of the poverty line applicable to the borrower’s family size” for “100 percent of the poverty line for a family of 2” and inserted “or” after semicolon at end.

oPub. L. 110–84, § 304(1)(B)Subsec. ()(1)(B), (C). , (C), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “such borrower is working full-time and has a Federal educational debt burden that equals or exceeds 20 percent of such borrower’s adjusted gross income, and the difference between such borrower’s adjusted gross income minus such burden is less than 220 percent of the greater of—

section 206 of title 29“(i) the annual earnings of an individual earning the minimum wage under ; or

section 9902(2) of title 42“(ii) the income official poverty line (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, and revised annually in accordance with ) applicable to a family of two; or”.

oPub. L. 110–84, § 304(2)Subsec. ()(2). , substituted “(1)(B)” for “(1)(C)”.

Pub. L. 110–84, § 304(3)Subsec. (p). , added subsec. (p).

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(1)Subsec. (p)(1)(D). , added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “a trustee acting as an eligible lender on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C).”

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(A)Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(i)(II). , added subcl. (II) and struck out former subcl. (II) which read as follows: “is a trustee acting as an eligible lender under this chapter on behalf of such a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subclause (I) of this clause.”

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(B)Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(ii). , inserted “of” after “waive the requirements”.

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(C)Subsec. (p)(2)(B). , reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “No political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter if such entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.”

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(D)Subsec. (p)(2)(C). , reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “No State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter with respect to any loan, or income from any loan, unless the State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) is the sole owner of the beneficial interest in such loan and the income from such loan.”

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(E)Subsec. (p)(2)(D). , substituted “a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d),” for “an entity described in described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C)”.

Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(F)Subsec. (p)(2)(E). , reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph, a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall not—

“(i) be deemed to be owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity, or

“(ii) lose its status as the sole owner of a beneficial interest in a loan and the income from a loan by that political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity,

by granting a security interest in, or otherwise pledging as collateral, such loan, or the income from such loan, to secure a debt obligation in the operation of an arrangement described in paragraph (1)(D).”

Pub. L. 109–1712006—Subsec. (d)(2). amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “To be an eligible lender under this part, an eligible institution—

“(A) shall employ at least one person whose full-time responsibilities are limited to the administration of programs of financial aid for students attending such institution;

“(B) shall not be a home study school;

“(C) shall make loans to not more than 50 percent of the undergraduate students at the institution;

“(D) shall not make a loan, other than a loan to a graduate or professional student, unless the borrower has previously received a loan from the school or has been denied a loan by an eligible lender;

“(E) shall not have a cohort default rate (as defined in subsection (m) of this section) greater than 15 percent; and

“(F) shall use the proceeds from special allowance payments and interest payments from borrowers for need-based grant programs, except for reasonable reimbursement for direct administrative expenses;

except that the requirements of subparagraphs (C) and (D) shall not apply with respect to loans made, and loan commitments made, after , and prior to .”

Pub. L. 109–292Subsec. (d)(7). added par. (7).

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 308(a)]2000—Subsec. (a)(2)(D). , added subpar. (D).

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 312(1)]Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i). , substituted “,” for “,”.

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 312(2)]Subsec. (a)(5)(B). , substituted “1999 through 2003” for “1999, 2000, and 2001” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 102(b)(2)1998—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “section 1002” for “section 1088”.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(A)(i)Subsec. (a)(2)(A). , (ii), struck out “or” at end of cl. (i), added cls. (ii) and (iii), and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “there are, in the judgment of the Secretary, exceptional mitigating circumstances that would make the application of this paragraph inequitable.”

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(A)(iii), inserted at end of concluding provisions “If an institution continues to participate in a program under this part, and the institution’s appeal of the loss of eligibility is unsuccessful, the institution shall be required to pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the amount of interest, special allowance, reinsurance, and any related payments made by the Secretary (or which the Secretary is obligated to make) with respect to loans made under this part to students attending, or planning to attend, that institution during the pendency of such appeal.”

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(B)Subsec. (a)(2)(C). , substituted “,” for “,” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 901(d)section 1801(a)(4) of title 25Subsec. (a)(2)(C)(ii). , made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to .

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(2)Subsec. (a)(3). , in concluding provisions, inserted “for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days,” after “access” and substituted “used by a guaranty agency in determining whether to pay a claim on a defaulted loan or by the Department in determining an institution’s default rate in the loan program under part C of this subchapter” for “of the affected guaranty agencies and loan servicers for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days”.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(3)Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). , added pars. (4) to (6).

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(1)(A)Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii)(III). , added subcl. (III).

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(1)(B)Subsec. (d)(1)(K). –(D), added subpar. (K).

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(2)Subsec. (d)(5). , inserted concluding provisions.

lPub. L. 105–244, § 429(c)(1)Subsec. (). , substituted “270 days” for “180 days” and “330 days” for “240 days”.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(1)Subsec. (m)(1)(B). , substituted “insurance. In considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3), the Secretary shall exclude, from the calculation of the number of students who entered repayment and from the calculation of the number of students who default,” for “insurance, and, in considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3) of this section, exclude”.

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(2)section 1078–6(b) of this titleSubsec. (m)(2)(C). , inserted at end “The Secretary may require guaranty agencies to collect data with respect to defaulted loans in a manner that will permit the identification of any defaulted loan for which (i) the borrower is currently making payments and has made not less than 6 consecutive on-time payments by the end of such following fiscal year, and (ii) a guaranty agency has renewed the borrower’s title IV eligibility as provided in .”

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(3)Subsec. (m)(4)(D). , added subpar. (D).

Pub. L. 104–208, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)(i)]section 1087–3 of this title1996—Subsec. (d)(1)(F). , inserted “or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to ,” after “Student Loan Marketing Association”.

Pub. L. 104–208, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)(ii)]section 1087–3 of this titleSubsec. (d)(1)(G). , inserted “or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to ” after “Student Loan Marketing Association”.

Pub. L. 103–2351994—Subsec. (a)(2)(C). substituted “” for “”.

oPub. L. 103–382, § 357(1)Subsec. ()(1). –(3), struck out “or” at end of subpar. (A), added subpar. (B), and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

oPub. L. 103–382, § 357(4)Subsec. ()(2). , substituted “(1)(C)” for “(1)(B)”.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(55)1993—Subsec. (a)(3). , added par. (3).

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4106(b)(1)Subsec. (d)(1). , in par. (1) substituted “through (6)” for “through (5)” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(57)Subsec. (d)(2). , realigned margins of closing provisions.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(56)Subsec. (d)(2)(D). , substituted “lender;” for “lender; and”.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(58)oSubsec. (d)(3). , substituted “subsection (m)” for “subsection ()”.

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4106(b)(2)Subsec. (d)(6). , added par. (6).

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(C)section 1078–3 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titlesection 1078–3 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titleSubsec. (m)(1). , which directed the insertion in par. (1)(D) of “(or the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay a loan made under such section)” after “” the first place it appears, and “(or a loan made under a portion of which is used to repay a loan made under such section)” after “” the second place it appears, could not be executed because subsec. (m)(1) does not contain a subpar. (D).

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(60)(A)Subsec. (m)(1)(A). , inserted at end “The Secretary shall require that each guaranty agency that has insured loans for current or former students of the institution afford such institution a reasonable opportunity (as specified by the Secretary) to review and correct errors in the information required to be provided to the Secretary by the guaranty agency for the purposes of calculating a cohort default rate for such institution, prior to the calculation of such rate.”

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(59), substituted “section 1078, 1078–1, or 1078–8” for “section 1078 or 1078–1”.

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(A)section 1078–3 of this title, inserted “(or on the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay any such loans)” after “on such loans”.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(60)(B)Subsec. (m)(1)(B). , substituted “and, in considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3) of this section, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would, as demonstrated by the evidence submitted in support of the institution’s timely appeal to the Secretary, result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of such cohort default rate.” for “and, in calculating the cohort default rate, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of the cohort default rate.”

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(B)section 1078–3 of this titleSubsec. (m)(1)(C). , inserted “(or on the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay any such loans)” after “on such loans”.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(61)section 1078–3 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titlesection 1078–3 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titleSubsec. (m)(2)(D). , inserted “(or the portion of a loan made under that is used to repay a loan made under )” after “in accordance with ”, and “(or a loan made under a portion of which is used to repay a loan made under )” after “a loan made under ”.

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(62)Subsec. (m)(4). , added par. (4).

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(1)1992—Subsec. (a)(1). , added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: “Subject to subsection (n) of this section, the term ‘eligible institution’ means—

“(A) an institution of higher education;

“(B) a vocational school; or

“(C) with respect to students who are nationals of the United States, an institution outside the United States which is comparable to an institution of higher education or to a vocational school and which has been approved by the Secretary for the purpose of this part,

except that such term does not include any such institution or school which employs or uses commissioned salesmen to promote the availability of any loan program described in section 1078(a)(1), 1078–1, or 1078–2 of this title at that institution or school.”

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(3)Subsec. (a)(2). , struck out “and” at end of subpar. (B)(i), substituted “fiscal year 1993; and” for “any succeeding fiscal year.” in subpar. (B)(ii), and added subpar. (B)(iii).

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which required Secretary to establish criteria for qualifying foreign medical schools as “eligible institutions”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(2)Subsec. (a)(3). , redesignated par. (3) as (2).

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(b)(1)Subsec. (b). , struck out subsec. (b) which defined “institution of higher education”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(c)Subsec. (c). , struck out subsec. (c) which defined “vocational school”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(d)(1)Subsec. (d)(1)(A). , in introductory provisions, struck out “a trust company,” after “stock savings bank,” and in cl. (ii), inserted at end of subcl. (I) “or a bank which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States, makes student loans as a trustee pursuant to an express trust, operated as a lender under this part prior to , and which meets the requirements of this provision prior to , or” and substituted a semicolon for “or (III) it is a trust company which makes student loans as a trustee pursuant to an express trust and which operated as a lender under this part prior to ;”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(d)(2)Subsec. (d)(2)(E), (F). , added subpars. (E) and (F).

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(e)Subsec. (f). , inserted “servicing and” before “collection practices”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(f)Subsecs. (g), (h). , struck out subsec. (g) which defined “temporarily totally disabled” and subsec. (h) which defined “parental leave”.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(g)Subsec. (m). , amended subsec. (m) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (3) provisions formerly contained in a single paragraph.

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(f)Subsec. (n). , struck out subsec. (n) which related to impact of loss of accreditation on certification or recertification as an eligible institution.

oPub. L. 102–325, § 416(e)(2)oSubsec. (). , added subsec. ().

Pub. L. 102–26section 1088(d) of this title1991—Subsec. (c)(1). substituted “or who are beyond the age of compulsory school attendance in the State in which the institution is located” for “and who have the ability to benefit (as determined by the institution under ) from the training offered by such institution;”.

Pub. L. 101–5081990—Subsec. (a)(3). added par. (3).

lPub. L. 101–542, § 301(1)Subsec. (). , substituted “Except as provided in subsection (m), the term” for “The term”.

Pub. L. 101–542, § 301(2)Subsec. (m). , inserted after first sentence “In determining the number of students who default before the end of such fiscal year, the Secretary shall include only loans for which the Secretary or a guaranty agency has paid claims for insurance, and, in calculating the cohort default rate, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of the cohort default rate.”

Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(a)(1)1989—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “Subject to subsection (n) of this section, the term” for “The term”.

Pub. L. 101–239, § 2003(a)(2)Subsec. (m). , added subsec. (m).

Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(a)(2)Subsec. (n). , added subsec. (n).

Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(1)1987—Subsec. (b)(3). , inserted “, or in the case of a hospital or health care facility, which provides training of not less than one year for graduates of accredited health professions programs, leading to a degree or certificate upon completion of such training” before semicolon at end.

Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(2)Subsec. (d)(1)(J). , added subpar. (J).

Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(3)Subsec. (d)(2). , added subpars. (C) and (D) and inserted concluding provision that the requirements of subpars. (C) and (D) not apply with respect to loans made, and loan commitments made, after , and prior to .

Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(4)Subsec. (g)(2). , added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “Such term when used with respect to the disabled dependent of a single parent borrower means a dependent who, by reason of injury or illness, cannot be expected to be able to attend school or to be gainfully employed during a period of injury or illness of not less than 3 months and who during such period requires continuous nursing or similar services.”

Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(5)Subsec. (h). , struck out “Definition of” before “Parental” in heading.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–152section 2101(c) of Pub. L. 111–152section 1070a of this titleAmendment by effective , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–39Pub. L. 110–315section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39section 1001 of this titleAmendment by effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of (), see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 436(a)(2)122 Stat. 3254

“The amendment made by paragraph (1)(F) [amending this section] shall take effect for fiscal years beginning on or after .”
, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 436(e)(2)122 Stat. 3257

“(A)

Effective date .—

The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect for purposes of calculating cohort default rates for fiscal year 2009 and succeeding fiscal years.
“(B)

Transition .—

20 U.S.C. 1085(m)Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the method of calculating cohort default rates under section 435(m) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [] as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [] shall continue in effect, and the rates so calculated shall be the basis for any sanctions imposed on institutions of higher education because of their cohort default rates, until three consecutive years of cohort default rates calculated in accordance with the amendments made by paragraph (1) are available.”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2007 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–84section 1(c) of Pub. L. 110–84section 1070a of this titleAmendment by effective , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–292, § 3(b)120 Stat. 1341

20 U.S.C. 1071“The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not apply with respect to any loan under part B of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( et seq.) disbursed before .”
, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 109–171section 8001(c) of Pub. L. 109–171section 1002 of this titleAmendment by effective , except as otherwise provided, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 308(b)]114 Stat. 2763

“The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective for cohort default rate calculations for fiscal years 1997 and 1998.”
, , , 2763A–45, provided that:

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–244Pub. L. 105–244section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244section 1001 of this titleAmendment by sections 102(b)(2) and 429(a), (b), (d) of effective , except as otherwise provided in , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 105–244, title IV, § 429(c)(2)112 Stat. 1708

“The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to loans for which the first day of delinquency occurs on or after the date of enactment of this Act [].”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–208section 1087–3(h) of this titlePub. L. 104–208section 1078–3 of this titleAmendment by effective on reorganization effective date as defined in , see section 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(B)] of , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1993 Amendments

Pub. L. 103–208Pub. L. 103–208Pub. L. 102–325section 2(c)(59) of Pub. L. 103–208section 2(c)(60)(A) of Pub. L. 103–208Pub. L. 103–208section 1051 of this titleAmendments by section 2(c)(55), (60)(B) of applicable with respect to determination (and appeals from determinations) of cohort default rates for fiscal year 1989 and any succeeding fiscal year, amendments by section 2(c)(56)–(58), (61) of effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the Higher Education Amendments of 1992, , amendment by effective on and after 30 days after , amendment by effective on and after , and amendment by section 2(c)(62) effective on and after , see section 5(a), (b)(2), (3), (7), (8) of , set out as a note under .

section 4046(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–66section 4046(c) of Pub. L. 103–66section 1078–3 of this titleAmendment by effective , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(d)(1)105 Stat. 124

“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1078–1, 1088, 1091, 1094, and 1141 of this title] shall apply to any grant, loan, or work assistance to cover the cost of instruction for periods of enrollment beginning on or after .”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–508, title III, § 3004(d)104 Stat. 1388–27

section 1078 of this titlesection 1078–1 of this titlesection 1078 of this title“The amendments made by this section [amending this section, , and provisions set out as a note under ] shall be effective , except that the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending ] shall be effective upon enactment.”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–50Pub. L. 99–498section 27 of Pub. L. 100–50section 1001 of this titleAmendment by effective as if enacted as part of the Higher Education Amendments of 1986, , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date

section 402(b) of Pub. L. 99–498section 1071 of this titleSection effective , with subsec. (d)(5) of this section effective 30 days after , see , set out as a note under .

Waiver of Mitigating Circumstances Requirement for Student Loan Insurance Program Eligibility

Pub. L. 115–141, div. H, title III, § 314132 Stat. 752

“(a)

In General .—

20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(2)20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(5)(A)(i)20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(5)(A)(ii)For the purpose of carrying out section 435(a)(2) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (), the Secretary of Education may waive the requirements under sections 435(a)(5)(A)(i) and 435(a)(5)(A)(ii) of such Act ( and )—
“(1)
for an institution of higher education that offers an associate degree, is a public institution, and is located in an economically distressed county, defined as a county that ranks in the lowest 5 percent of all counties in the United States based on a national index of county economic status; and
“(2)
for an institution—
“(A)
20 U.S.C. 1059c that is a public institution of higher education or a Tribal College or University (as defined in section 316(b) of such Act ([(b)])); and
“(B)
20 U.S.C. 1059d(b) whose fall enrollment for the most recently completed academic year was comprised of a majority of students who are Indian (as defined in such section) or Alaska Natives (as defined in section 317(b) of such Act ()[)].
“(b)

Applicability .—

20 U.S.C. 107020 U.S.C. 1085(a)(2)Subsection (a) shall apply to an institution of higher education that otherwise would be ineligible to participate in a program under part A of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [ et seq.] on or after the date of enactment of this Act [] due to the application of section 435(a)(2) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ().
“(c)

Coverage .—

Pub. L. 115–141132 Stat. 696This section shall be in effect for the period covered by this Act [div. H of , ] and for the succeeding fiscal year.”
, , , provided that:

Definition of Institution of Higher Education

Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(b)(2)106 Stat. 549

20 U.S.C. 1085(b)20 U.S.C. 1088(a)“With respect to reference in any other provision of law to the definition of institution of higher education contained in section 435(b) of the Act [former ], such provision shall be deemed to refer to section 481(a) of the Act [former ].”
, , , provided that: