22 U.S.C. § 5401 | Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Program

(a)

SEED Program

The United States shall implement, beginning in fiscal year 1990, a concerted Program of Support for East European Democracy (which may also be referred to as the “SEED Program”). The SEED Program shall be comprised of diverse undertakings designed to provide cost-effective assistance to those countries of Eastern Europe that have taken substantive steps toward institutionalizing political democracy and economic pluralism.

(b)

Objectives of SEED assistance

The President should ensure that the assistance provided to East European countries pursuant to this chapter is designed—

(1)

to contribute to the development of democratic institutions and political pluralism characterized by—

(A)

the establishment of fully democratic and representative political systems based on free and fair elections,

(B)

effective recognition of fundamental liberties and individual freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, and association,

(C)

termination of all laws and regulations which impede the operation of a free press and the formation of political parties,

(D)

creation of an independent judiciary, and

(E)

establishment of non-partisan military, security, and police forces;

(2)

to promote the development of a free market economic system characterized by—

(A)

privatization of economic entities,

(B)

establishment of full rights to acquire and hold private property, including land and the benefits of contractual relations,

(C)

simplification of regulatory controls regarding the establishment and operation of businesses,

(D)

dismantlement of all wage and price controls,

(E)

removal of trade restrictions, including on both imports and exports,

(F)

liberalization of investment and capital, including the repatriation of profits by foreign investors;

(G)

tax policies which provide incentives for economic activity and investment,

(H)

establishment of rights to own and operate private banks and other financial service firms, as well as unrestricted access to private sources of credit, and

(I)

access to a market for stocks, bonds, and other instruments through which individuals may invest in the private sector; and

(3)

not to contribute any substantial benefit—

(A)

to Communist or other political parties or organizations which are not committed to respect for the democratic process, or

(B)

to the defense or security forces of any member country of the Warsaw Pact.

(c)

SEED Actions

Assistance and other activities under the SEED Program (which may be referred to as “SEED Actions”) shall include activities such as the following:

(1)

Leadership in the World Bank and International Monetary Fund

United States leadership in supporting—

(A)

loans by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated institutions in the World Bank group that are designed to modernize industry, agriculture, and infrastructure, and

(B)

International Monetary Fund programs designed to stimulate sound economic growth.

(2)

Currency stabilization loans

United States leadership in supporting multilateral agreement to provide government-to-government loans for currency stabilization where such loans can reduce inflation and thereby foster conditions necessary for the effective implementation of economic reforms.

(3)

Debt reduction and rescheduling

Participation in multilateral activities aimed at reducing and rescheduling a country’s international debt, when reduction and deferral of debt payments can assist the process of political and economic transition.

(4)

Agricultural assistance

Assistance through the grant and concessional sale of food and other agricultural commodities and products when such assistance can ease critical shortages but not inhibit agricultural production and marketing in the recipient country.

(5)

Enterprise Funds

Grants to support private, nonprofit “Enterprise Funds”, designated by the President pursuant to law and governed by a Board of Directors, which undertake loans, grants, equity investments, feasibility studies, technical assistance, training, and other forms of assistance to private enterprise activities in the Eastern European country for which the Enterprise Fund so is designated.

(6)

Labor market-oriented technical assistance

Technical assistance programs directed at promoting labor market reforms and facilitating economic adjustment.

(7)

Technical training

Programs to provide technical skills to assist in the development of a market economy.

(8)

Peace Corps

Establishment of Peace Corps programs.

(9)

Support for indigenous credit unions

Support for the establishment of indigenous credit unions.

(10)

Generalized System of Preferences

Eligibility for trade benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences.

(11)

Normal trade relations

section 2432 of title 19The granting of temporary or permanent nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of an East European country through the application of the criteria and procedures established by (commonly referred to as the “Jackson-Vanik amendment”).

(12)

United States International Development Finance Corporation

Programs of the United States International Development Finance Corporation.

(13)

Export-Import Bank programs

Programs of the Export-Import Bank of the United States.

(14)

Trade and Development Program activities

22 U.S.C. 2151Trade and Development Agency activities under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ et seq.].

(15)

Investment treaties

Negotiation of bilateral investment treaties.

(16)

Special tax treatment of below-market loans

Exempting bonds from Internal Revenue Code [title 26] rules relating to below-market loans.

(17)

Exchange activities

Expanded exchange activities under the Fulbright, International Visitors, and other programs conducted by the United States Information Agency.

(18)

Cultural centers

Contributions toward the establishment of reciprocal cultural centers that can facilitate educational and cultural exchange and expanded understanding of Western social democracy.

(19)

Sister institutions

Establishment of sister institution programs between American and East European schools and universities, towns and cities, and other organizations in such fields as medicine and health care, business management, environmental protection, and agriculture.

(20)

Scholarships

Scholarships to enable students to study in the United States.

(21)

Science and technology exchanges

Grants for the implementation of bilateral agreements providing for cooperation in science and technology exchange.

(22)

Assistance for democratic institutions

Assistance designed to support the development of legal, legislative, electoral, journalistic, and other institutions of free, pluralist societies.

(23)

Environmental assistance

Environmental assistance directed at overcoming crucial deficiencies in air and water quality and other determinants of a healthful society.

(24)

Medical assistance

Medical assistance specifically targeted to overcome severe deficiencies in pharmaceuticals and other basic health supplies.

(25)

Encouragement for private investment and voluntary assistance

Encouraging private investment and voluntary private assistance, using a variety of means including a SEED Information Center System and the provision by the Department of Defense of transportation for private nonfinancial contributions.

Pub. L. 101–179, § 2Nov. 28, 1989103 Stat. 1299 Pub. L. 102–549, title II, § 202(e)Oct. 28, 1992106 Stat. 3658 Pub. L. 105–206, title V, § 5003(b)(6)July 22, 1998112 Stat. 790 Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1470(m)(1)Oct. 5, 2018132 Stat. 3518(, , ; , , ; , , ; , , .)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Pub. L. 101–179Nov. 28, 1989103 Stat. 1298This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original “this Act”, meaning , , , which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables.

Pub. L. 87–195Sept. 4, 196175 Stat. 424 section 2151 of this titleThe Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (c)(14), is , , , which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§ 2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.

Amendments

Pub. L. 115–2542018—Subsec. (c)(12). added par. (12) and struck out former par. (12). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Programs of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.”

Pub. L. 105–2061998—Subsec. (c)(11). in heading substituted “Normal trade relations” for “Most favored nation trade status” and in text struck out “(commonly referred to as ‘most favored nation status’)” after “nondiscriminatory treatment”.

Pub. L. 102–5491992—Subsec. (c)(14). substituted “Agency” for “Program”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–254 section 9681 of this title section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254 section 905 of Title 2Amendment by effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in , see , set out as a note under , The Congress.

Short Title

Pub. L. 101–179, § 1(a)Nov. 28, 1989103 Stat. 1298

section 2185 of this title section 1757 of Title 12 section 2462 of Title 19 section 635 of Title 12 section 7872 of Title 26 section 7872 of Title 26“This Act [enacting this chapter and , amending sections 2184 and 2199 of this title, , Banks and Banking, and , Customs Duties, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2185, 2199, and 2421 of this title, , and , Internal Revenue Code, and amending provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989’.”

, , , provided that:

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 12703. Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Program

Feb. 20, 1990Mar. 31, 1999Ex. Ord. No. 12703, , 55 F.R. 6351, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13118, § 10(2), , 64 F.R. 16598, provided:

P.L. 101–179 22 U.S.C. 5401 section 301 of Title 3By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act (, hereinafter referred to as the “Act”) [ et seq.] and of the United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SectionSEED Program Coordinator22 U.S.C. 5471 1. . The functions conferred by Title VII of the Act [ et seq.] relating to reports to the Congress are hereby delegated to the Coordinator of the SEED Program. The Coordinator is authorized to assign responsibility for particular aspects of the reports to appropriate agencies.

Department of State22 U.S.C. 5421Sec. 2. . The functions conferred upon the President by section 201 of the Act [] relating to Enterprise Funds for Poland and Hungary are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State.

SecDepartment of Commerce22 U.S.C. 5462. 3. . The functions conferred upon the President by section 602 of the Act [] regarding the establishment of a SEED Information Center System in cooperation with the Governments of Poland and Hungary are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. This authority is to be exercised in consultation with the SEED Program Coordinator and in consultation with other agencies as appropriate.

SecDepartment of the Treasury22 U.S.C. 5414. 4. . The functions conferred upon the President by section 104 of the Act [] regarding debt reduction of certain East European countries are hereby delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary shall consult, as appropriate, with other relevant agencies in exercising the functions herein delegated.

George Bush.