US Code

Public Law 119-73 (01/23/2026)

5 U.S.C. § 504

Costs and fees of parties

(a)
(1)
An agency that conducts an adversary adjudication shall award, to a prevailing party other than the United States, fees and other expenses incurred by that party in connection with that proceeding, unless the adjudicative officer of the agency finds that the position of the agency was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust. Whether or not the position of the agency was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the administrative record, as a whole, which is made in the adversary adjudication for which fees and other expenses are sought.
(2)
A party seeking an award of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of a final disposition in the adversary adjudication, submit to the agency an application which shows that the party is a prevailing party and is eligible to receive an award under this section, and the amount sought, including an itemized statement from any attorney, agent, or expert witness representing or appearing in behalf of the party stating the actual time expended and the rate at which fees and other expenses were computed. The party shall also allege that the position of the agency was not substantially justified. When the United States appeals the underlying merits of an adversary adjudication, no decision on an application for fees and other expenses in connection with that adversary adjudication shall be made under this section until a final and unreviewable decision is rendered by the court on the appeal or until the underlying merits of the case have been finally determined pursuant to the appeal.
(3)
The adjudicative officer of the agency may reduce the amount to be awarded, or deny an award, to the extent that the party during the course of the proceedings engaged in conduct which unduly and unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the matter in controversy. The decision of the adjudicative officer of the agency under this section shall be made a part of the record containing the final decision of the agency and shall include written findings and conclusions and the reason or basis therefor. The decision of the agency on the application for fees and other expenses shall be the final administrative decision under this section.
(4)
If, in an adversary adjudication arising from an agency action to enforce a party’s compliance with a statutory or regulatory requirement, the demand by the agency is substantially in excess of the decision of the adjudicative officer and is unreasonable when compared with such decision, under the facts and circumstances of the case, the adjudicative officer shall award to the party the fees and other expenses related to defending against the excessive demand, unless the party has committed a willful violation of law or otherwise acted in bad faith, or special circumstances make an award unjust. Fees and expenses awarded under this paragraph shall be paid only as a consequence of appropriations provided in advance.
(b)
(1)
For the purposes of this section—
(A)
“fees and other expenses” includes the reasonable expenses of expert witnesses, the reasonable cost of any study, analysis, engineering report, test, or project which is found by the agency to be necessary for the preparation of the party’s case, and reasonable attorney or agent fees (The amount of fees awarded under this section shall be based upon prevailing market rates for the kind and quality of the services furnished, except that (i) no expert witness shall be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate of compensation for expert witnesses paid by the agency involved, and (ii) attorney or agent fees shall not be awarded in excess of $125 per hour unless the agency determines by regulation that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys or agents for the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.);
(B)
section 551(3) of this title26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)12 U.S.C. 1141j(a) “party” means a party, as defined in , who is (i) an individual whose net worth did not exceed $2,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, or (ii) any owner of an unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, unit of local government, or organization, the net worth of which did not exceed $7,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, and which had not more than 500 employees at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated; except that an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 () exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code, or a cooperative association as defined in section 15(a) of the Agricultural Marketing Act (), may be a party regardless of the net worth of such organization or cooperative association or for purposes of subsection (a)(4), a small entity as defined in section 601;
(C)
section 554 of this titlesection 7103 of title 41section 7105 of title 41 “adversary adjudication” means (i) an adjudication under in which the position of the United States is represented by counsel or otherwise, but excludes an adjudication for the purpose of establishing or fixing a rate or for the purpose of granting or renewing a license, (ii) any appeal of a decision made pursuant to before an agency board of contract appeals as provided in , (iii) any hearing conducted under chapter 38 of title 31, and (iv) the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993;
(D)
“adjudicative officer” means the deciding official, without regard to whether the official is designated as an administrative law judge, a hearing officer or examiner, or otherwise, who presided at the adversary adjudication;
(E)
“position of the agency” means, in addition to the position taken by the agency in the adversary adjudication, the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the adversary adjudication is based; except that fees and other expenses may not be awarded to a party for any portion of the adversary adjudication in which the party has unreasonably protracted the proceedings; and
(F)
“demand” means the express demand of the agency which led to the adversary adjudication, but does not include a recitation by the agency of the maximum statutory penalty (i) in the administrative complaint, or (ii) elsewhere when accompanied by an express demand for a lesser amount.
(2)
section 551 of this title Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (1), the definitions provided in apply to this section.
(c)
(1)
section 2412(d)(3) of title 28 After consultation with the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, each agency shall by rule establish uniform procedures for the submission and consideration of applications for an award of fees and other expenses. If a court reviews the underlying decision of the adversary adjudication, an award for fees and other expenses may be made only pursuant to .
(2)
If a party other than the United States is dissatisfied with a determination of fees and other expenses made under subsection (a), that party may, within 30 days after the determination is made, appeal the determination to the court of the United States having jurisdiction to review the merits of the underlying decision of the agency adversary adjudication. The court’s determination on any appeal heard under this paragraph shall be based solely on the factual record made before the agency. The court may modify the determination of fees and other expenses only if the court finds that the failure to make an award of fees and other expenses, or the calculation of the amount of the award, was unsupported by substantial evidence.
(d)
Fees and other expenses awarded under this subsection shall be paid by any agency over which the party prevails from any funds made available to the agency by appropriation or otherwise.
(e)
(1)
Not later than March 31 of the first fiscal year beginning after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, and every fiscal year thereafter, the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, after consultation with the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, shall submit to Congress and make publicly available online a report on the amount of fees and other expenses awarded during the preceding fiscal year under this section.
(2)
Each report under paragraph (1) shall describe the number, nature, and amount of the awards, the claims involved in the controversy, and any other relevant information that may aid Congress in evaluating the scope and impact of such awards.
(3)
(A)
Each report under paragraph (1) shall account for all payments of fees and other expenses awarded under this section that are made pursuant to a settlement agreement, regardless of whether the settlement agreement is sealed or otherwise subject to a nondisclosure provision.
(B)
The disclosure of fees and other expenses required under subparagraph (A) shall not affect any other information that is subject to a nondisclosure provision in a settlement agreement.
(f)
As soon as practicable, and in any event not later than the date on which the first report under subsection (e)(1) is required to be submitted, the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States shall create and maintain online a searchable database containing, with respect to each award of fees and other expenses under this section made on or after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, the following information:
(1)
The case name and number of the adversary adjudication, if available, hyperlinked to the case, if available.
(2)
The name of the agency involved in the adversary adjudication.
(3)
A description of the claims in the adversary adjudication.
(4)
The name of each party to whom the award was made as such party is identified in the order or other court document making the award.
(5)
The amount of the award.
(6)
The basis for the finding that the position of the agency concerned was not substantially justified.
(g)
The online searchable database described in subsection (f) may not reveal any information the disclosure of which is prohibited by law or a court order.
(h)
The head of each agency shall provide to the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States in a timely manner all information requested by the Chairman to comply with the requirements of subsections (e), (f), and (g).
(i)
No award may be made under this section for costs, fees, or other expenses which may be awarded under section 7430 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 203(a)(1)94 Stat. 2325Pub. L. 99–8099 Stat. 183Pub. L. 99–509, title VI, § 6103(c)100 Stat. 1948Pub. L. 99–514, § 2100 Stat. 2095Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6239(b)102 Stat. 3746Pub. L. 103–141, § 4(b)107 Stat. 1489Pub. L. 104–121, title II, § 231110 Stat. 862Pub. L. 111–350, § 5(a)(1)124 Stat. 3841Pub. L. 116–9, title IV, § 4201(a)(1)133 Stat. 762(Added , (c), , , 2327; revived and amended , §§ 1, 6, , , 186; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , .)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Pub. L. 103–141107 Stat. 1488section 2000bb of Title 42The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(C)(iv), is , , , which is classified principally to chapter 21B (§ 2000bb et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under and Tables.

Pub. L. 116–9The date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1) and (f), is the date of enactment of , which was approved .

section 7430 of Title 26Section 7430 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (i), is classified to , Internal Revenue Code.

Amendments

Pub. L. 116–9, § 4201(a)(1)(A)2019—Subsec. (c)(1). , struck out “, United States Code” after “title 28”.

Pub. L. 116–9, § 4201(a)(1)(C)Subsec. (e). , added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which read as follows: “The Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, after consultation with the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, shall report annually to the Congress on the amount of fees and other expenses awarded during the preceding fiscal year pursuant to this section. The report shall describe the number, nature, and amount of the awards, the claims involved in the controversy, and any other relevant information which may aid the Congress in evaluating the scope and impact of such awards. Each agency shall provide the Chairman with such information as is necessary for the Chairman to comply with the requirements of this subsection.”

Pub. L. 116–9, § 4201(a)(1)(B)Subsecs. (f) to (i). , (C), added subsecs. (f) to (h) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (i).

Pub. L. 111–350section 7103 of title 4141 U.S.C. 605section 7105 of title 4141 U.S.C. 6072011—Subsec. (b)(1)(C)(ii). substituted “” for “section 6 of the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 ()” and “” for “section 8 of that Act ()”.

Pub. L. 104–121, § 231(a)1996—Subsec. (a)(4). , added par. (4).

Pub. L. 104–121, § 231(b)(1)Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(ii). , substituted “$125” for “$75”.

Pub. L. 104–121, § 231(b)(2)Subsec. (b)(1)(B). , inserted before semicolon at end “or for purposes of subsection (a)(4), a small entity as defined in section 601”.

Pub. L. 104–121, § 231(b)(3)Subsec. (b)(1)(F). –(5), added subpar. (F).

Pub. L. 103–1411993—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). added cl. (iv).

Pub. L. 100–6471988—Subsec. (f). added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 99–5141986—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.

Pub. L. 99–509Subsec. (b)(1)(C)(iii). added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(a)(1)1985—Subsec. (a)(1). , (2), struck out “as a party to the proceeding” after “the position of the agency”, and inserted “Whether or not the position of the agency was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the administrative record, as a whole, which is made in the adversary adjudication for which fees and other expenses are sought.”

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(b)Subsec. (a)(2). , inserted “When the United States appeals the underlying merits of an adversary adjudication, no decision on an application for fees and other expenses in connection with that adversary adjudication shall be made under this section until a final and unreviewable decision is rendered by the court on the appeal or until the under­lying merits of the case have been finally determined pursuant to the appeal.”

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(a)(3)Subsec. (a)(3). , inserted “The decision of the agency on the application for fees and other expenses shall be the final administrative decision under this section.”

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(c)(1)section 551(3) of this title26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)12 U.S.C. 1141j(a)Subsec. (b)(1)(B). , amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: “ ‘party’ means a party, as defined in , which is an individual, partnership, corporation, association, or public or private organization other than an agency, but excludes (i) any individual whose net worth exceeded $1,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, and any sole owner of an unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, or organization whose net worth exceeded $5,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, except that an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 () exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of the Code and a cooperative association as defined in section 15(a) of the Agricultural Marketing Act (), may be a party regardless of the net worth of such organization or cooperative association, and (ii) any sole owner of an unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, or organization, having more than 500 employees at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated;”.

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(c)(2)Subsec. (b)(1)(C). , designated existing provisions of subpar. (C) as cl. (i) thereof by inserting “(i)” before “an adjudication under”, added cl. (ii), and struck out “and” after the semicolon at the end.

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(c)(3)Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). , substituted “; and” for the period at end of subpar. (D), and added subpar. (E).

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(d)Subsec. (c)(2). , amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “A party dissatisfied with the fee determination made under subsection (a) may petition for leave to appeal to the court of the United States having jurisdiction to review the merits of the underlying decision of the agency adversary adjudication. If the court denies the petition for leave to appeal, no appeal may be taken from the denial. If the court grants the petition, it may modify the determination only if it finds that the failure to make an award, or the calculation of the amount of the award, was an abuse of discretion.”

Pub. L. 99–80, § 1(e)Subsec. (d). , amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows:

section 2414 of title 28“(1) Fees and other expenses awarded under this section may be paid by any agency over which the party prevails from any funds made available to the agency, by appropriation or otherwise, for such purpose. If not paid by any agency, the fees and other expenses shall be paid in the same manner as the payment of final judgments is made pursuant to , United States Code.

“(2) There is authorized to be appropriated to each agency for each of the fiscal years 1982, 1983, and 1984, such sums as may be necessary to pay fees and other expenses awarded under this section in such fiscal years.”

Pub. L. 96–481, § 203(c)section 6 of Pub. L. 99–801980—, which provided for the repeal of this section effective , was itself repealed and this section was revived by , set out as a note below.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–121, title II, § 233110 Stat. 864

section 2412 of Title 28“The amendments made by sections 331 and 332 [probably means sections 231 and 232, amending this section and , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] shall apply to civil actions and adversary adjudications commenced on or after the date of the enactment of this subtitle [].”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–647section 6239(d) of Pub. L. 100–647section 7430 of Title 26Amendment by applicable to proceedings commencing after , see , set out as a note under , Internal Revenue Code.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–509section 6104 of Pub. L. 99–509section 3801 of Title 31Amendment by effective , and applicable to any claim or statement made, presented or submitted on or after such date, see , set out as an Effective Date note under , Money and Finance.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–80, § 799 Stat. 186

“(a)

In General .—

section 2412(d) of Title 28Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by this Act [reviving and amending this section and , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and amending and repealing provisions set out as notes under those sections] shall apply to cases pending on or commenced on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [].
“(b)

Applicability of Amendments to Certain Prior Cases .—

section 504(a)(2) of title 5section 2412(d)(1)(B) of title 28The amendments made by this Act shall apply to any case commenced on or after , and finally disposed of before the date of the enactment of this Act [], except that in any such case, the 30-day period referred to in , United States Code, or , United States Code, as the case may be, shall be deemed to commence on the date of the enactment of this Act.
“(c)

Applicability of Amendments to Prior Board of Contracts Appeals Cases .—

Section 504(b)(1)(C)(ii) of title 5section 2412(d)(2)(E) of title 28, United States Code, as added by section 1(c)(2) of this Act, and , United States Code, as added by section 2(c)(2) of this Act, shall apply to any adversary adjudication pending on or commenced on or after , in which applications for fees and other expenses were timely filed and were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.”
, , , provided that:

Effective Date

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 20894 Stat. 2330Pub. L. 99–80, § 599 Stat. 186

section 504(b)(1)(C) of title 5section 2412 of title 28“This title and the amendments made by this title [see Short Title note below] shall take effect of [on] , and shall apply to any adversary adjudication, as defined in , United States Code, and any civil action or adversary adjudication described in , United States Code, which is pending on, or commenced on or after, such date. Awards may be made for fees and other expenses incurred before , in any such adversary adjudication or civil action.”
, , , as amended by , , , provided that:

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 203(c)94 Stat. 2327Pub. L. 99–80, § 6(b)(1)99 Stat. 186, , , which provided that effective , this section is repealed, except that the provisions of this section shall continue to apply through final disposition of any adversary adjudication initiated before the date of repeal, was itself repealed by , , .

Short Title

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 20194 Stat. 2325

section 634 of Title 15section 2412 of Title 28section 1988 of Title 42section 2412 of Title 28“This title [enacting this section, amending , Commerce and Trade, , Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, set out in Title 28 Appendix, and , The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and ] may be cited as the ‘Equal Access to Justice Act’.”
, , , provided that:

Termination of Reporting Requirements

section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66section 1113 of Title 31For termination, effective , of provisions in subsec. (e) of this section relating to annual report to Congress on the amount of fees and other expenses, see , as amended, set out as a note under , Money and Finance, and page 153 of House Document No. 103–7.

Termination of Administrative Conference of United States

Pub. L. 104–52section 591 of this titleFor termination of Administrative Conference of United States, see provision of title IV of , set out as a note preceding .

Prohibition on Use of Energy and Water Development Appropriations To Pay Intervening Parties in Regulatory or Adjudicatory Proceedings

Pub. L. 102–377, title V, § 502106 Stat. 1342

“None of the funds in this Act or subsequent Energy and Water Development Appropriations Acts shall be used to pay the expenses of, or otherwise compensate, parties intervening in regulatory or adjudicatory proceedings funded in such Acts.”
, , , provided that:

Revival of Previously Repealed Provisions

Pub. L. 99–80, § 699 Stat. 186

“(a)

Revival of Certain Expired Provisions .—

Section 504 of title 5section 2412 of title 28Pub. L. 96–481, United States Code, and the item relating to that section in the table of sections of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code, and subsection (d) of , United States Code, shall be effective on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [] as if they had not been repealed by sections 203(c) and 204(c) of the Equal Access to Justice Act [].
“(b)

Repeals.—

“(1)
Section 203(c) of the Equal Access to Justice Act [which repealed this section] is hereby repealed.
“(2)
section 2412(d) of title 28 Section 204(c) of the Equal Access to Justice Act [which repealed ] is hereby repealed.”
, , , provided that:

Congressional Findings and Purposes

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 20294 Stat. 2325

“(a)
The Congress finds that certain individuals, partnerships, corporations, and labor and other organizations may be deterred from seeking review of, or defending against, unreasonable governmental action because of the expense involved in securing the vindication of their rights in civil actions and in administrative proceedings.
“(b)
The Congress further finds that because of the greater resources and expertise of the United States the standard for an award of fees against the United States should be different from the standard governing an award against a private litigant, in certain situations.
“(c)
It is the purpose of this title [see Short Title note above]—
“(1)
to diminish the deterrent effect of seeking review of, or defending against, governmental action by providing in specified situations an award of attorney fees, expert witness fees, and other costs against the United States; and
“(2)
to insure the applicability in actions by or against the United States of the common law and statutory exceptions to the ‘American rule’ respecting the award of attorney fees.”
, , , provided that:

Limitation on Payments

Pub. L. 96–481, title II, § 20794 Stat. 2330Pub. L. 99–80, § 499 Stat. 186, , , which provided that the payment of judgments, fees and other expenses in the same manner as the payment of final judgments as provided in this Act [probably should be “this title”, see Short Title note above] would be effective only to the extent and in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts, was repealed by , , .