5 U.S.C. § 3101 | General authority to employ

Each Executive agency, military department, and the government of the District of Columbia may employ such number of employees of the various classes recognized by chapter 51 of this title as Congress may appropriate for from year to year.

Pub. L. 89–554Sept. 6, 196680 Stat. 414 (, , .)

Historical and Revision Notes
	5 U.S.C. 43.	R.S. § 169. June 26, 1930, ch. 618, 46 Stat. 817.
	5 U.S.C. 514d (2d par.).	Sept. 21, 1944, ch. 412, § 709, 58 Stat. 743.

Historical and Revision Notes

5 U.S.C. 43.

R.S. § 169.

June 26, 1930, ch. 618, 46 Stat. 817.

5 U.S.C. 514d (2d par.).

Sept. 21, 1944, ch. 412, § 709, 58 Stat. 743.

63 Stat. 578 63 Stat. 591 Act of Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, § 1106(a) 63 Stat. 972 June 26, 1930The authorization is restated to conform to the style of this title. The word “Executive agency” are substituted for “executive department, independent establishment” in view of the definitions in sections 103, 104, and 105. The source statute (an act to authorize the appointment of employees in the executive branch etc.) applied to the entire executive branch, and government corporations as well as other agencies in the executive branch were included within the words “independent establishment”. The words “or a military department” are inserted to preserve the application of the source statute. Before enactment of the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 (), the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force were Executive departments. The National Security Act Amendments of 1949 established the Department of Defense as an Executive department including the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force as military departments, not as Executive departments. However, the source statute for this subsection, which was in effect in 1949, remained applicable to the Secretaries of the military departments by virtue of section 12(g) of the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 (), which is set out in the reviser’s note for section 301. The words “for services in the District of Columbia or elsewhere” are eliminated as surplusage. The reference to chapter 51 is substituted for the reference to the Classification Act of 1923 because the , , amended the section to refer to the Classification Act of 1949, which is carried into this title. The proviso in former section 43 and former section 514d (2d par.) are omitted as superseded by former section 22a, which is carried into section 302. The last sentence of the Act of , is omitted as executed.

Act of July 26, 1947, ch. 343, § 201(d) Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, § 4 63 Stat. 579 5 U.S.C. 171–1This section was part of title IV of the Revised Statutes. The , as added , (former ), which provides “Except to the extent inconsistent with the provisions of this Act [National Security Act of 1947], the provisions of title IV of the Revised Statutes as now or hereafter amended shall be applicable to the Department of Defense” is omitted from this title but is not repealed.

Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined in the preface to the report.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Annual Reports on Staffing Levels for Political and Presidential Appointees

Pub. L. 119–75, div. D, title IV, § 424Feb. 3, 2026140 Stat. 436

Feb. 3, 2026Pub. L. 119–75“No later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [], and annually thereafter, the Departments and agencies funded under this Act [div. D of , see Tables for classification] shall submit a report to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations on current staffing levels for all political and Presidential appointees in such Departments and agencies and categorized by which office within such Departments and agencies such employee is funded from, the office in which such employee carries out their daily work, such employee’s title, and such employee’s pay grade or the equivalent level based on the GS-scale.”

, , , provided that:

Reports on Political Appointees Appointed to Nonpolitical Permanent Positions

Pub. L. 114–136, § 4Mar. 18, 2016130 Stat. 305

“(a)

Definitions .—

In this section—

“(1)

section 105 of title 5 the term ‘agency’ has the meaning given the term ‘Executive agency’ in , United States Code;

“(2)

section 2101 of title 5 the term ‘covered civil service position’ means a position in the civil service (as defined in , United States Code) that is not—

“(A)

a temporary position; or

“(B)

a political position;

“(3)

the term ‘former political appointee’ means an individual who—

“(A)

is not serving in an appointment to a political position; and

“(B)

served as a political appointee during the 5-year period ending on the date of the request for an appointment to a covered civil service position in any agency;

“(4)

the term ‘political appointee’ means an individual serving in an appointment to a political position; and

“(5)

the term ‘political position’ means—

“(A)

a position described under sections 5312 through 5316 of title 5, United States Code (relating to the Executive Schedule);

“(B)

section 3132(a) of title 5 a noncareer appointment in the Senior Executive Service, as defined under paragraph (7) of , United States Code; or

“(C)

a position in the executive branch of the Government of a confidential or policy-determining character under schedule C of subpart C of part 213 of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations.

“(b)

Reporting on Current or Recent Political Appointees Appointed to Covered Civil Service Positions.—

“(1)

Annual report .—

Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives an annual report regarding requests by agencies to appoint political appointees or former political appointees to covered civil service positions. Each report shall cover one calendar year and shall—

“(A)

for each request by an agency that a political appointee be appointed to a covered civil service position during the period covered by the report, provide—

“(i)

the date on which the request was received by the Office of Personnel Management;

“(ii)

subject to subsection (c), the name of the individual and the political position held by the individual, including title, office, and agency;

“(iii)

the date on which the individual was first appointed to a political position in the agency in which the individual is serving as a political appointee;

“(iv)

the grade and rate of basic pay for the individual as a political appointee;

“(v)

the proposed covered civil service position, including title, office, and agency, and the proposed grade and rate of basic pay for the individual;

“(vi)

whether the Office of Personnel Management approved or denied the request; and

“(vii)

the date on which the individual was appointed to a covered civil service position, if applicable; and

“(B)

for each request by an agency that a former political appointee be appointed to a covered civil service position during the period covered by the report, provide—

“(i)

the date on which the request was received by the Office of Personnel Management;

“(ii)

subject to subsection (c), the name of the individual and the political position held by the individual, including title, office, and agency;

“(iii)

the date on which the individual was first appointed to any political position;

“(iv)

the grade and rate of basic pay for the individual as a political appointee;

“(v)

the date on which the individual ceased to serve in a political position;

“(vi)

the proposed covered civil service position, including title, office, and agency, and the proposed grade and rate of basic pay for the individual;

“(vii)

whether the Office of Personnel Management approved or denied the request; and

“(viii)

the date on which the individual was first appointed to a covered civil service position, if applicable.

“(2)

Quarterly report in certain years .—

In the last year of the term of a President, or, if applicable, the last year of the second consecutive term of a President, the report required under paragraph (1) shall be submitted quarterly and shall cover each quarter of the year, except that the last quarterly report shall also cover January 1 through 20 of the following year.

“(c)

Names and Titles of Certain Appointees .—

If determined appropriate by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, a report submitted under subsection (b) may exclude the name or title of a political appointee or former political appointee—

“(1)

who—

“(A)

was requested to be appointed to a covered civil service position; and

“(B)

was not appointed to a covered civil service position; or

“(2)

relating to whom a request to be appointed to a covered civil service position is pending at the end of the period covered by that report.”

, , , provided that:

Reduction of Federal Full-Time Equivalent Positions

Pub. L. 103–226, § 5Mar. 30, 1994108 Stat. 115 Pub. L. 103–329, title VI, § 631Sept. 30, 1994108 Stat. 2424 Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b)July 7, 2004118 Stat. 814

“(a)

Definition .—

section 105 of title 5For the purpose of this section, the term ‘agency’ means an Executive agency (as defined by , United States Code), but does not include the Government Accountability Office.

“(b)

Limitations on Full-Time Equivalent Positions .—

The President, through the Office of Management and Budget (in consultation with the Office of Personnel Management), shall ensure that the total number of full-time equivalent positions in all agencies shall not exceed—

“(1)

2,084,600 during fiscal year 1994;

“(2)

2,043,300 during fiscal year 1995;

“(3)

2,003,300 during fiscal year 1996;

“(4)

1,963,300 during fiscal year 1997;

“(5)

1,922,300 during fiscal year 1998; and

“(6)

1,882,300 during fiscal year 1999.

“(c)

Monitoring and Notification .—

The Office of Management and Budget, after consultation with the Office of Personnel Management, shall—

“(1)

continuously monitor all agencies and make a determination on the first date of each quarter of each applicable fiscal year of whether the requirements under subsection (b) are met; and

“(2)

notify the President and the Congress on the first date of each quarter of each applicable fiscal year of any determination that any requirement of subsection (b) is not met.

“(d)

Compliance .—

If, at any time during a fiscal year, the Office of Management and Budget notifies the President and the Congress that any requirement under subsection (b) is not met, no agency may hire any employee for any position in such agency until the Office of Management and Budget notifies the President and the Congress that the total number of full-time equivalent positions for all agencies equals or is less than the applicable number required under subsection (b).

“(e)

Waiver.—

“(1)

Emergencies .—

Any provision of this section may be waived upon a determination by the President that—

“(A)

the existence of a state of war or other national security concern so requires; or

“(B)

the existence of an extraordinary emergency threatening life, health, safety, property, or the environment so requires.

“(2)

Agency efficiency or critical mission.—

“(A)

Subsection (d) may be waived, in the case of a particular position or category of positions in an agency, upon a determination of the President that the efficiency of the agency or the performance of a critical agency mission so requires.

“(B)

Whenever the President grants a waiver pursuant to subparagraph (A), the President shall take all necessary actions to ensure that the overall limitations set forth in subsection (b) are not exceeded.

“(f)

Employment Backfill Prevention.—

“(1)

In general .—

5 U.S.C. 5597The total number of funded employee positions in all agencies (excluding the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency) shall be reduced by one position for each vacancy created by the separation of any employee who has received, or is due to receive, a voluntary separation incentive payment under section 3(a)–(e) [ note]. For purposes of this subsection, positions and vacancies shall be counted on a full-time-equivalent basis.

“(2)

Related restriction .—

No funds budgeted for and appropriated by any Act for salaries or expenses of positions eliminated under this subsection may be used for any purpose other than authorized separation costs.

“(3)

Applicability of backfill prevention provisions to agencies otherwise exempted from fte reduction.—

“(A)

In general .—

If any agency is otherwise exempted by any law from the limitations on full-time equivalent positions or the restrictions on hiring established by this section—

“(i)

paragraph (1) shall apply to vacancies created in such agency; and

“(ii)

the reductions required pursuant to clause (i) shall be made in the number of funded employee positions in such agency.

“(B)

Waiver authority .—

In the case of a particular position in an agency, subparagraph (A) may be waived upon a determination by the head of the agency that the performance of a critical agency mission requires the waiver.

“(C)

Relation to other law .—

No law may be construed as suspending or modifying this paragraph unless such law specifically amends this paragraph.

“(g)

Limitation on Procurement of Service Contracts .—

The President shall take appropriate action to ensure that there is no increase in the procurement of service contracts by reason of the enactment of this Act [see Tables for classification], except in cases in which a cost comparison demonstrates such contracts would be to the financial advantage of the Federal Government.”

, , , as amended by , , ; , , , provided that:

Limitation on Number of Civilian Employees in Executive Branch

Pub. L. 95–454, title III, § 311Oct. 13, 197892 Stat. 1153 Sept. 30, 1979Sept. 30, 1980Sept. 30, 1981Sept. 30, 1977Jan. 31, 1981, , , which provided that the total number of civilian employees in the executive branch, on , on , and , shall not exceed the number of such employees on , terminated by its own terms on .

Pub. L. 91–47, title V, § 503July 22, 196983 Stat. 83 section 201 of Pub. L. 90–364June 28, 196882 Stat. 270 , , , repealed , title II, , , which provided for limitation on the number of civilian officers and employees in the executive branch and which was formerly set out under this section.

Citizenship Requirement for Employees Compensated From Appropriated Funds

Pub. L. 119–75, div. E, title VII, § 704Feb. 3, 2026140 Stat. 492

8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3)(B)8 U.S.C. 1157 8 U.S.C. 1158ProvidedProvided furtherProvided furtherProvided furtherProvided furtherProvided furtherFeb. 3, 2026Provided further“Unless otherwise specified in law during the current fiscal year, no part of any appropriation contained in this or any other Act shall be used to pay the compensation of any officer or employee of the Government of the United States (including any agency the majority of the stock of which is owned by the Government of the United States) whose post of duty is in the continental United States unless such person: (1) is a citizen of the United States; (2) is a person who is lawfully admitted for permanent residence and is seeking citizenship as outlined in ; (3) is a person who is admitted as a refugee under or is granted asylum under and has filed a declaration of intention to become a lawful permanent resident and then a citizen when eligible; or (4) is a person who owes allegiance to the United States: , That for purposes of this section, affidavits signed by any such person shall be considered prima facie evidence that the requirements of this section with respect to his or her status are being complied with: , That for purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) such affidavits shall be submitted prior to employment and updated thereafter as necessary: , That any person making a false affidavit shall be guilty of a felony, and upon conviction, shall be fined no more than $4,000 or imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both: , That the above penal clause shall be in addition to, and not in substitution for, any other provisions of existing law: , That any payment made to any officer or employee contrary to the provisions of this section shall be recoverable in action by the Federal Government: , That this section shall not apply to any person who is an officer or employee of the Government of the United States on the date of enactment of this Act [], or to international broadcasters employed by the Broadcasting Board of Governors [now the United States Agency for Global Media], or to temporary employment of translators, or to temporary employment in the field service (not to exceed 60 days) as a result of emergencies: , That this section does not apply to the employment as Wildland firefighters for not more than 120 days of nonresident aliens employed by the Department of the Interior or the USDA Forest Service pursuant to an agreement with another country.”

, , , provided that:

Similar provisions to those in the Citizenship Requirement for Employees Compensated From Appropriated Funds note above were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 118–47, div. B, title VII, § 704Mar. 23, 2024138 Stat. 573 , , .

Pub. L. 117–328, div. E, title VII, § 704Dec. 29, 2022136 Stat. 4705 , , .

Pub. L. 117–103, div. E, title VII, § 704Mar. 15, 2022136 Stat. 293 , , .

Pub. L. 116–260, div. E, title VII, § 704Dec. 27, 2020134 Stat. 1430 , , .

Pub. L. 116–93, div. C, title VII, § 704Dec. 20, 2019133 Stat. 2484 , , .

Pub. L. 116–6, div. D, title VII, § 704Feb. 15, 2019133 Stat. 187 , , .

Pub. L. 115–141, div. E, title VII, § 704Mar. 23, 2018132 Stat. 588 , , .

Pub. L. 115–31, div. E, title VII, § 704May 5, 2017131 Stat. 377 , , .

Pub. L. 114–113, div. E, title VII, § 704Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 2473 , , .

Pub. L. 113–235, div. E, title VIIDec. 16, 2014128 Stat. 2379 , §§ 704, 750, , , 2392.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. E, title VIIJan. 17, 2014128 Stat. 231 , §§ 704, 744, , , 243.

Pub. L. 112–74, div. C, title VII, § 704Dec. 23, 2011125 Stat. 929 , , .

Pub. L. 111–117, div. C, title VII, § 704Dec. 16, 2009123 Stat. 3205 , , .

Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title VII, § 704Mar. 11, 2009123 Stat. 680 , , .

Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, § 705Dec. 26, 2007121 Stat. 2019 , , .

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title VIII, § 805Nov. 30, 2005119 Stat. 2496 , , .

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title VI, § 605Dec. 8, 2004118 Stat. 3273 , , .

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title VI, § 605Jan. 23, 2004118 Stat. 350 , , .

Pub. L. 108–7, div. J, title VI, § 605Feb. 20, 2003117 Stat. 464 , , .

Pub. L. 107–67, title VI, § 605Nov. 12, 2001115 Stat. 545 Pub. L. 108–188, title I, § 110Dec. 17, 2003117 Stat. 2757 , , , as amended by , , .

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(3) [title VI, § 605]Dec. 21, 2000114 Stat. 2763 , , , 2763A–155.

Pub. L. 106–58, title VI, § 605Sept. 29, 1999113 Stat. 466 , , .

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(h) [title VI, § 606]Oct. 21, 1998112 Stat. 2681–480 , , , 2681–513.

Pub. L. 105–61, title VI, § 606Oct. 10, 1997111 Stat. 1309 , , .

Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(f) [title VI, § 606]Sept. 30, 1996110 Stat. 3009–314 , , , 3009–354.

Pub. L. 104–52, title VI, § 606Nov. 19, 1995109 Stat. 497 , , .

Pub. L. 103–329, title VI, § 606Sept. 30, 1994108 Stat. 2416 , , .

Pub. L. 103–123, title VI, § 606Oct. 28, 1993107 Stat. 1259 , , .

Pub. L. 102–393, title VI, § 607Oct. 6, 1992106 Stat. 1766 , , .

Pub. L. 102–141, title VI, § 607Oct. 28, 1991105 Stat. 868 , , .

Pub. L. 101–509, title VI, § 603Nov. 5, 1990104 Stat. 1471 , , .

Pub. L. 101–136, title VI, § 603Nov. 3, 1989103 Stat. 816 , , .

Pub. L. 100–440, title VI, § 603Sept. 22, 1988102 Stat. 1751 , , .

Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title VI, § 603]Dec. 22, 1987101 Stat. 1329–390 , , , 1329–419.

Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(m) [title VI, § 603]Oct. 18, 1986100 Stat. 1783–308 Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(m) [title VI, § 603]Oct. 30, 1986100 Stat. 3341–308 , , , 1783–328, and , , , 3341–328.

Pub. L. 99–190, title I, § 101(h) [H.R. 3036, title VI, § 603]Dec. 19, 198599 Stat. 1291 , , .

Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(j) [H.R. 5798, title VI, § 604]Oct. 12, 198498 Stat. 1963 , , .

Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(f) [H.R. 4139, title VI, § 603]Nov. 14, 198397 Stat. 973 , , .

Pub. L. 97–377, title I, § 101(a) [incorporating H.R. 4121, title VI, § 603, for FY 1982]Dec. 21, 198296 Stat. 1830 , , .

Pub. L. 97–92, § 101(a) [H.R. 4121, title VI, § 603]Dec. 15, 198195 Stat. 1183 , , .

Pub. L. 96–536, § 101(a) [incorporating Pub. L. 96–74, title VI, § 602]Dec. 16, 198094 Stat. 3166 , , .

Pub. L. 96–74, title VI, § 602Sept. 29, 197993 Stat. 574 , , .

Pub. L. 95–429, title VI, § 602Oct. 10, 197892 Stat. 1015 , , .

Pub. L. 95–81, title VI, § 602July 31, 197791 Stat. 354 , , .

Pub. L. 94–419, title VII, § 750Sept. 22, 197690 Stat. 1299 , , .

Pub. L. 94–363, title VI, § 602July 14, 197690 Stat. 977 , , .

Pub. L. 94–212, title VII, § 753Feb. 9, 197690 Stat. 177 , , .

Pub. L. 94–91, title VI, § 602Aug. 9, 197589 Stat. 458 , , .

Pub. L. 93–381, title VI, § 602Aug. 21, 197488 Stat. 630 , , .

Pub. L. 93–143, title VI, § 602Oct. 30, 197387 Stat. 524 , , .

Pub. L. 92–351, title VI, § 602July 13, 197286 Stat. 487 , , .

Pub. L. 92–49, title VI, § 602July 9, 197185 Stat. 122 , , .

Pub. L. 91–439, title V, § 502Oct. 7, 197084 Stat. 902 , , .

Pub. L. 91–144, title V, § 502Dec. 11, 196983 Stat. 336 , , .

Pub. L. 90–479, title V, § 502Aug. 12, 196882 Stat. 717 , , .

Pub. L. 90–147, title V, § 502Nov. 20, 196781 Stat. 483 , , .

Pub. L. 89–689, title V, § 502Oct. 15, 196680 Stat. 1014 , , .

Pub. L. 89–299, title V, § 502Oct. 28, 196579 Stat. 1108 , , .

Pub. L. 88–511, title V, § 502Aug. 30, 196478 Stat. 693 , , .

Pub. L. 88–257, title V, § 502Dec. 31, 196377 Stat. 855 , , .

Pub. L. 87–880, title V, § 502Oct. 24, 196276 Stat. 1227 , , .

Pub. L. 87–125, title V, § 502Aug. 3, 196175 Stat. 282 , , .

Pub. L. 86–642, title II, § 202July 12, 196074 Stat. 476 , , .

Pub. L. 86–79, title II, § 202July 8, 195973 Stat. 165 , , .

Pub. L. 85–468, title II, § 202June 25, 195872 Stat. 224 , , .

Pub. L. 85–48, title II, § 202June 5, 195771 Stat. 53 , , .

June 13, 1956, ch. 385 70 Stat. 280 , title II, § 202, .

June 29, 1955, ch. 226 69 Stat. 195 , title II, § 202, .

Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 935 68 Stat. 828 , Ch. XIII, § 1302, .

Aug. 7, 1953, ch. 340 67 Stat. 435 , Ch. XIII, § 1302, .

July 15, 1952, ch. 758 66 Stat. 659 , Ch. XIV, § 1402, .

Nov. 1, 1951, ch. 664 65 Stat. 755 , Ch. XIII, § 1302, .

Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 897 64 Stat. 763 , Ch. XII, § 1202, .

Aug. 24, 1949, ch. 506 63 Stat. 661 , title III, § 302, .

Apr. 20, 1948, ch. 219 62 Stat. 193 , title II, § 202, .

July 30, 1947, ch. 359 61 Stat. 608 , title II, § 202, .

Mar. 28, 1946, ch. 113 60 Stat. 80 , title II, § 206, .

May 3, 1945, ch. 106 59 Stat. 132 , title II, § 206, .

June 27, 1944, ch. 286 58 Stat. 385 , title II, § 205, .

June 26, 1943, ch. 145 57 Stat. 196 , title II, § 205, .

section 22 of Title 13Citizenship requirement for permanent officers and employees of Census Bureau, see , Census.

Exceptions to citizenship requirement for—

section 1584 of Title 10Department of Defense personnel, see , Armed Forces.

Department of State employees, see sections 2669, 2672 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

section 7473 of Title 10Department of the Navy personnel, see .

section 169 of Title 2Library of Congress positions, see , The Congress.

section 20113 of Title 51National Aeronautics and Space Administration employees, see , National and Commercial Space Programs.

Dec. 16, 1950Employment of Personnel During National Emergency Proclaimed on

act Nov. 1, 1951, ch. 664 65 Stat. 757 June 5, 1952, ch. 369 66 Stat. 122 Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1208 68 Stat. 1115 Oct. 11, 1962Pub. L. 87–793, § 717(b)76 Stat. 858 Aug. 6, 1965Pub. L. 89–11479 Stat. 448 Oct. 11, 1967Pub. L. 90–105, § 381 Stat. 274 Apr. 21, 1976Pub. L. 94–273, § 4(5)90 Stat. 377 Nov. 1, 1951Dec. 16, 1950Nov. 1, 1951Sept. 14, 1976Pub. L. 94–412, title I, § 101Sept. 14, 197690 Stat. 1255 50 U.S.C. 1601Section 1310 of , Ch. XIII, , as amended , Ch. XIII, § 1302, ; , title VI, § 602, ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , , provided that, upon the enactment of this Act [] and until termination of the national emergency proclaimed by the President on , agencies shall use their authority to require initial appointment be made on other than a permanent basis to limit the number of permanent employees, the Civil Service Commission facilitate the transfer of Federal employees from nondefense to defense activities with reemployment rights and make use of its authority to prohibit excessively rapid promotions, and agencies review certain positions annually and report to Congressional committees. All powers and authorities under section 1310 of act , as amended, terminated 2 years from , pursuant to , , ().

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 12839. Reduction of 100,000 Federal Positions

Feb. 10, 1993Ex. Ord. No. 12839, , 58 F.R. 8515, provided:

section 301 of title 3 section 3301 of title 5 section 1111 of title 31By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including , United States Code, , United States Code, and , United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SectionLimits on Hiring Civilian Personnel 1. . Each executive department or agency with over 100 employees shall eliminate not less than 4 percent of its civilian personnel positions (measured on a full-time equivalent (FTE) basis) over the next 3 fiscal years. The positions shall be vacated through attrition or early out programs established at the discretion of the department and agency heads. At least 10 percent of the reductions shall come from the Senior Executive Service, GS–15 and GS–14 levels or equivalent.

SecCoverage. 2. . This order applies to all executive branch departments and agencies with over 100 employees (measured on a FTE basis).

SecTarget Dates. 3. . Each department and agency shall achieve 25 percent of its total reductions by the end of fiscal year 1993, 62.5 percent by the end of fiscal year 1994, and 100 percent by the end of fiscal year 1995.

SecImplementation. 4. . The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall issue detailed instructions regarding the implementation of this order, including exemptions necessary for the delivery of essential services and compliance with applicable law.

SecIndependent Agencies. 5. . All independent regulatory commissions and agencies are requested to comply with the provisions of this order.

William J. Clinton.

Ex. Ord. No. 14356. Ensuring Continued Accountability in Federal Hiring

Oct. 15, 2025Ex. Ord. No. 14356, , 90 F.R. 48387, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered:

SectionBackgroundFebruary 11, 20255 U.S.C. 305 1. . In just 8 months, my Administration has dramatically reduced the size of the Federal workforce, improving the efficient delivery of Government services while prioritizing hiring in national security, immigration enforcement, public safety, and other roles that further my Administration’s priorities and benefit American taxpayers. The results of this approach have surpassed the ratio of four departures for each new hire set forth in Executive Order 14210 of (Implementing the President’s “Department of Government Efficiency” Workforce Optimization Initiative) [ note]. To protect and expand upon these historic improvements, and to ensure that the Federal Government is optimally staffed to meet critical mission needs and implement the agenda that the American people elected me to pursue, Federal hiring shall be subject to the following policies and procedures going forward.

Sec.Policies and Procedures to Govern Federal Hiring 2. . No Federal civilian position that is vacant may be filled, and no new position may be created, except as provided for in this order or required by applicable law. Except as set forth in section 3 of this order, this policy applies to all executive departments and agencies (agencies) regardless of their sources of operational or programmatic funding.

Compliance with the Merit Hiring PlanMay 29, 2025January 20, 2025(a) . Any Federal hiring shall be consistent with the Merit Hiring Plan issued by the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) on , pursuant to Executive Order 14170 of (Reforming the Federal Hiring Process and Restoring Merit to Government Service) [90 F.R. 8621].

Strategic Hiring CommitteesOct. 15, 2025(b) . Within 30 days of the date of this order [], each agency head shall establish a Strategic Hiring Committee to approve the creation or filling, as applicable, of each vacancy within their agency. The Strategic Hiring Committee shall include the deputy agency head and the chief of staff to the agency head, along with such other senior officials as the agency head may designate. The Strategic Hiring Committee shall ensure that agency hiring is consistent with the national interest, agency needs, and the priorities of my Administration. Agency Strategic Hiring Committees shall provide written notice of approved hires to OPM following the approval of such hires.

Annual Staffing Plans and Quarterly Updates(c) .

(i) Within 60 days of the date of this order, each agency shall prepare an Annual Staffing Plan, in coordination with OPM and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to ensure that new career appointments in the upcoming fiscal year are in the highest-need areas and aligned with the priorities of my Administration. Agencies shall submit final Annual Staffing Plans to OPM and OMB. In these plans, agencies shall seek to improve operational efficiency; eliminate duplicative or unnecessary functions and positions; reduce unnecessary or low-value contractor positions; promote employee accountability; enhance delivery of essential services; appropriately prioritize hiring for national security, homeland security, and public safety positions; and implement the recruitment initiatives described in the Merit Hiring Plan. Going forward, agencies shall prepare, in coordination with OPM and OMB, Annual Staffing Plans to implement at the start of each new fiscal year.

(ii) Agencies shall comply with the Annual Staffing Plans throughout the fiscal year, but agencies may update their plans during the course of the year based on enactment of relevant appropriations or authorizing legislation, or otherwise amend their plans in coordination with OPM and OMB.

(iii) Agencies shall submit updates to OPM and OMB at the beginning of each quarter, beginning with the second quarter of the 2026 fiscal year, showing progress in implementing their Annual Staffing Plans.

Sec.Exceptions 3. . (a) This order does not apply to:

(i) the Executive Office of the President or the components thereof;

(ii) non-career positions requiring Presidential appointment or Senate confirmation;

(iii) non-career positions in the Senior Executive Service;

(iv) Schedule C or Schedule G positions in the excepted service;

(v) military personnel of the Armed Forces;

(vi) positions related to immigration enforcement, national security, or public safety; or

section 3161 of title 5(vii) appointment of officials through temporary organization hiring authority pursuant to , United States Code.

(b) This order does not limit or prohibit the appointment or hiring of any other non-career employees or officials if approved by an agency head appointed by the President or another official appointed by the President.

5 U.S.C. 101 5 U.S.C. 104(c) This order does not limit or prohibit any appointment or hiring specifically approved by the head of an executive department, as defined in . OPM may also authorize the head of an independent establishment, as defined in , to use this exception.

(d) This order does not limit or prohibit the hiring of personnel where such a limit or prohibition would conflict with applicable law.

January 20, 2025July 7, 2025(e) The Director of OPM may grant appropriate exemptions from this order. Exemptions previously granted by OPM under the Presidential Memoranda of (Hiring Freeze) [90 F.R. 8247], and (Ensuring Accountability and Prioritizing Public Safety in Federal Hiring), shall remain in effect unless withdrawn by OPM.

Sec.Report 4. . Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of OMB and the Director of OPM shall submit a joint report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, regarding implementation of this order, including a recommendation as to whether any of its provisions should be modified or terminated.

Sec.General Provisions 5. . (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(d) This order does not prohibit making reallocations or reassignments to meet the highest priority needs; maintain essential services; and protect national security, homeland security, and public safety.

(e) This order shall not adversely impact the provision of Social Security, Medicare, or veterans’ benefits.

(f) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(g) If any provision of this order, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this order and the application of its provisions to any other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.

(h) The costs for publication of this order shall be borne by OPM.

Donald J. Trump.

Freeze on Hiring of Federal Civilian Employees

Jan. 20, 1981Memorandum of the President of the United States, dated , 46 F.R. 9907, provided for a freeze on the hiring of Federal civilian employees in the executive branch.