26 U.S.C. § 408 | Individual retirement accounts

(a)

Individual retirement account

For purposes of this section, the term “individual retirement account” means a trust created or organized in the United States for the exclusive benefit of an individual or his beneficiaries, but only if the written governing instrument creating the trust meets the following requirements:

(1)

Except in the case of a rollover contribution described in subsection (d)(3) or in section 402(c), 403(a)(4), 403(b)(8), or 457(e)(16), no contribution will be accepted unless it is in cash, and contributions will not be accepted for the taxable year on behalf of any individual in excess of the amount in effect for such taxable year under section 219(b)(1)(A).

(2)

The trustee is a bank (as defined in subsection (n)) or such other person who demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the manner in which such other person will administer the trust will be consistent with the requirements of this section.

(3)

No part of the trust funds will be invested in life insurance contracts.

(4)

The interest of an individual in the balance in his account is nonforfeitable.

(5)

The assets of the trust will not be commingled with other property except in a common trust fund or common investment fund.

(6)

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of section 401(a)(9) and the incidental death benefit requirements of section 401(a) shall apply to the distribution of the entire interest of an individual for whose benefit the trust is maintained.

(b)

Individual retirement annuity

For purposes of this section, the term “individual retirement annuity” means an annuity contract, or an endowment contract (as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary), issued by an insurance company which meets the following requirements:

(1)

The contract is not transferable by the owner.

(2)

Under the contract—

(A)

the premiums are not fixed,

(B)

the annual premium on behalf of any individual will not exceed the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A), and

(C)

any refund of premiums will be applied before the close of the calendar year following the year of the refund toward the payment of future premiums or the purchase of additional benefits.

(3)

(4)

The entire interest of the owner is nonforfeitable.

Such term does not include such an annuity contract for any taxable year of the owner in which it is disqualified on the application of subsection (e) or for any subsequent taxable year. For purposes of this subsection, no contract shall be treated as an endowment contract if it matures later than the taxable year in which the individual in whose name such contract is purchased attains the applicable age (determined under section 401(a)(9)(C)(v) for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins); if it is not for the exclusive benefit of the individual in whose name it is purchased or his beneficiaries; or if the aggregate annual premiums under all such contracts purchased in the name of such individual for any taxable year exceed the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A).

(c)

Accounts established by employers and certain associations of employees

A trust created or organized in the United States by an employer for the exclusive benefit of his employees or their beneficiaries, or by an association of employees (which may include employees within the meaning of section 401(c)(1)) for the exclusive benefit of its members or their beneficiaries, shall be treated as an individual retirement account (described in subsection (a)), but only if the written governing instrument creating the trust meets the following requirements:

(1)

The trust satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (a).

(2)

There is a separate accounting for the interest of each employee or member (or spouse of an employee or member).

(3)

There is a separate accounting for any interest of an employee or member (or spouse of an employee or member) in a Roth IRA.

The assets of the trust may be held in a common fund for the account of all individuals who have an interest in the trust.

(d)

Tax treatment of distributions

(1)

In general

Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement plan shall be included in gross income by the payee or distributee, as the case may be, in the manner provided under section 72.

(2)

Special rules for applying section 72

For purposes of applying section 72 to any amount described in paragraph (1)—

(A)

all individual retirement plans shall be treated as 1 contract,

(B)

all distributions during any taxable year shall be treated as 1 distribution, and

(C)

the value of the contract, income on the contract, and investment in the contract shall be computed as of the close of the calendar year in which the taxable year begins.

For purposes of subparagraph (C), the value of the contract shall be increased by the amount of any distributions during the calendar year.

(3)

Rollover contribution

An amount is described in this paragraph as a rollover contribution if it meets the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B).

(A)

In general

Paragraph (1) does not apply to any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity to the individual for whose benefit the account or annuity is maintained if—

(i)

the entire amount received (including money and any other property) is paid into an individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity (other than an endowment contract) for the benefit of such individual not later than the 60th day after the day on which he receives the payment or distribution; or

(ii)

the entire amount received (including money and any other property) is paid into an eligible retirement plan for the benefit of such individual not later than the 60th day after the date on which the payment or distribution is received, except that the maximum amount which may be paid into such plan may not exceed the portion of the amount received which is includible in gross income (determined without regard to this paragraph).

For purposes of clause (ii), the term “eligible retirement plan” means an eligible retirement plan described in clause (iii), (iv), (v), or (vi) of section 402(c)(8)(B).

(B)

Limitation

This paragraph does not apply to any amount described in subparagraph (A)(i) received by an individual from an individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity if at any time during the 1-year period ending on the day of such receipt such individual received any other amount described in that subparagraph from an individual retirement account or an individual retirement annuity which was not includible in his gross income because of the application of this paragraph.

(C)

Denial of rollover treatment for inherited accounts, etc.

(i)

In general

In the case of an inherited individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity—

(I)

this paragraph shall not apply to any amount received by an individual from such an account or annuity (and no amount transferred from such account or annuity to another individual retirement account or annuity shall be excluded from gross income by reason of such transfer), and

(II)

such inherited account or annuity shall not be treated as an individual retirement account or annuity for purposes of determining whether any other amount is a rollover contribution.

(ii)

Inherited individual retirement account or annuity

An individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity shall be treated as inherited if—

(I)

the individual for whose benefit the account or annuity is maintained acquired such account by reason of the death of another individual, and

(II)

such individual was not the surviving spouse of such other individual.

(D)

Partial rollovers permitted

(i)

In general

If any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity would meet the requirements of subparagraph (A) but for the fact that the entire amount was not paid into an eligible plan as required by clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A), such amount shall be treated as meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) to the extent it is paid into an eligible plan referred to in such clause not later than the 60th day referred to in such clause.

(ii)

Eligible plan

For purposes of clause (i), the term “eligible plan” means any account, annuity, contract, or plan referred to in subparagraph (A).

(E)

Denial of rollover treatment for required distributions

This paragraph shall not apply to any amount to the extent such amount is required to be distributed under subsection (a)(6) or (b)(3).

(F)

Frozen deposits

For purposes of this paragraph, rules similar to the rules of section 402(c)(7) (relating to frozen deposits) shall apply.

(G)

Simple retirement accounts

In the case of any payment or distribution out of a simple retirement account (as defined in subsection (p)) to which section 72(t)(6)(A) applies, this paragraph shall not apply unless such payment or distribution is paid into another simple retirement account.

(H)

Application of section 72

(i)

In general

If—

(I)

a distribution is made from an individual retirement plan, and

(II)

a rollover contribution is made to an eligible retirement plan described in section 402(c)(8)(B)(iii), (iv), (v), or (vi) with respect to all or part of such distribution,

then, notwithstanding paragraph (2), the rules of clause (ii) shall apply for purposes of applying section 72.

(ii)

Applicable rules

In the case of a distribution described in clause (i)—

(I)

section 72 shall be applied separately to such distribution,

(II)

notwithstanding the pro rata allocation of income on, and investment in, the contract to distributions under section 72, the portion of such distribution rolled over to an eligible retirement plan described in clause (i) shall be treated as from income on the contract (to the extent of the aggregate income on the contract from all individual retirement plans of the distributee), and

(III)

appropriate adjustments shall be made in applying section 72 to other distributions in such taxable year and subsequent taxable years.

(I)

Waiver of 60-day requirement

The Secretary may waive the 60-day requirement under subparagraphs (A) and (D) where the failure to waive such requirement would be against equity or good conscience, including casualty, disaster, or other events beyond the reasonable control of the individual subject to such requirement.

(4)

Contributions returned before due date of return

Paragraph (1) does not apply to the distribution of any contribution paid during a taxable year to an individual retirement account or for an individual retirement annuity if—

(A)

such distribution is received on or before the day prescribed by law (including extensions of time) for filing such individual’s return for such taxable year,

(B)

no deduction is allowed under section 219 with respect to such contribution, and

(C)

such distribution is accompanied by the amount of net income attributable to such contribution.

In the case of such a distribution, for purposes of section 61, any net income described in subparagraph (C) shall be deemed to have been earned and receivable in the taxable year in which such contribution is made.

(5)

Distributions of excess contributions after due date for taxable year and certain excess rollover contributions

(A)

In general

In the case of any individual, if the aggregate contributions (other than rollover contributions) paid for any taxable year to an individual retirement account or for an individual retirement annuity do not exceed the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A), paragraph (1) shall not apply to the distribution of any such contribution to the extent that such contribution exceeds the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 for the taxable year for which the contribution was paid—

(i)

if such distribution is received after the date described in paragraph (4),

(ii)

but only to the extent that no deduction has been allowed under section 219 with respect to such excess contribution.

If employer contributions on behalf of the individual are paid for the taxable year to a simplified employee pension, the dollar limitation of the preceding sentence shall be increased by the lesser of the amount of such contributions or the dollar limitation in effect under section 415(c)(1)(A) for such taxable year.

(B)

Excess rollover contributions attributable to erroneous information

If—

(i)

the taxpayer reasonably relies on information supplied pursuant to subtitle F for determining the amount of a rollover contribution, but

(ii)

the information was erroneous,

subparagraph (A) shall be applied by increasing the dollar limit set forth therein by that portion of the excess contribution which was attributable to such information.

For purposes of this paragraph, the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 shall be computed without regard to section 219(g).

(6)

Transfer of account incident to divorce

The transfer of an individual’s interest in an individual retirement account or an individual retirement annuity to his spouse or former spouse under a divorce or separation instrument described in clause (i) of section 121(d)(3)(C) is not to be considered a taxable transfer made by such individual notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, and such interest at the time of the transfer is to be treated as an individual retirement account of such spouse, and not of such individual. Thereafter such account or annuity for purposes of this subtitle is to be treated as maintained for the benefit of such spouse.

(7)

Special rules for simplified employee pensions or simple retirement accounts

(A)

Transfer or rollover of contributions prohibited until deferral test met

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection or section 72(t), paragraph (1) and section 72(t)(1) shall apply to the transfer or distribution from a simplified employee pension of any contribution under a salary reduction arrangement described in subsection (k)(6) (or any income allocable thereto) before a determination as to whether the requirements of subsection (k)(6)(A)(iii) are met with respect to such contribution.

(B)

Certain exclusions treated as deductions

For purposes of paragraphs (4) and (5) and section 4973, any amount excludable or excluded from gross income under section 402(h) or 402(k) shall be treated as an amount allowable or allowed as a deduction under section 219.

(8)

Distributions for charitable purposes

(A)

In general

So much of the aggregate amount of qualified charitable distributions with respect to a taxpayer made during any taxable year which does not exceed $100,000 shall not be includible in gross income of such taxpayer for such taxable year. The amount of distributions not includible in gross income by reason of the preceding sentence for a taxable year (determined without regard to this sentence) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by an amount equal to the excess of—

(i)

the aggregate amount of deductions allowed to the taxpayer under section 219 for all taxable years ending on or after the date the taxpayer attains age 70½, over

(ii)

the aggregate amount of reductions under this sentence for all taxable years preceding the current taxable year.

(B)

Qualified charitable distribution

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified charitable distribution” means any distribution from an individual retirement plan (other than a plan described in subsection (k) or (p))—

(i)

which is made directly by the trustee to an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A) (other than any organization described in section 509(a)(3) or any fund or account described in section 4966(d)(2)), and

(ii)

which is made on or after the date that the individual for whose benefit the plan is maintained has attained age 70½.

A distribution shall be treated as a qualified charitable distribution only to the extent that the distribution would be includible in gross income without regard to subparagraph (A).

(C)

Contributions must be otherwise deductible

For purposes of this paragraph, a distribution to an organization described in subparagraph (B)(i) shall be treated as a qualified charitable distribution only if a deduction for the entire distribution would be allowable under section 170 (determined without regard to subsection (b) thereof and this paragraph).

(D)

Application of section 72

Notwithstanding section 72, in determining the extent to which a distribution is a qualified charitable distribution, the entire amount of the distribution shall be treated as includible in gross income without regard to subparagraph (A) to the extent that such amount does not exceed the aggregate amount which would have been so includible if all amounts in all individual retirement plans of the individual were distributed during such taxable year and all such plans were treated as 1 contract for purposes of determining under section 72 the aggregate amount which would have been so includible. Proper adjustments shall be made in applying section 72 to other distributions in such taxable year and subsequent taxable years.

(E)

Denial of deduction

Qualified charitable distributions which are not includible in gross income pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall not be taken into account in determining the deduction under section 170.

(F)

One-time election for qualified charitable distribution to split-interest entity

(i)

In general

A taxpayer may for a taxable year elect under this subparagraph to treat as meeting the requirement of subparagraph (B)(i) any distribution from an individual retirement account which is made directly by the trustee to a split-interest entity, but only if—

(I)

an election is not in effect under this subparagraph for a preceding taxable year,

(II)

the aggregate amount of distributions of the taxpayer with respect to which an election under this subparagraph is made does not exceed $50,000, and

(III)

such distribution meets the requirements of clauses (iii) and (iv).

(ii)

Split-interest entity

For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “split-interest entity” means—

(I)

a charitable remainder annuity trust (as defined in section 664(d)(1)), but only if such trust is funded exclusively by qualified charitable distributions,

(II)

a charitable remainder unitrust (as defined in section 664(d)(2)), but only if such unitrust is funded exclusively by qualified charitable distributions, or

(III)

a charitable gift annuity (as defined in section 501(m)(5)), but only if such annuity is funded exclusively by qualified charitable distributions and commences fixed payments of 5 percent or greater not later than 1 year from the date of funding.

(iii)

Contributions must be otherwise deductible

A distribution meets the requirements of this clause only if—

(I)

in the case of a distribution to a charitable remainder annuity trust or a charitable remainder unitrust, a deduction for the entire value of the remainder interest in the distribution for the benefit of a specified charitable organization would be allowable under section 170 (determined without regard to subsection (b) thereof and this paragraph), and

(II)

in the case of a charitable gift annuity, a deduction in an amount equal to the amount of the distribution reduced by the value of the annuity described in section 501(m)(5)(B) would be allowable under section 170 (determined without regard to subsection (b) thereof and this paragraph).

(iv)

Limitation on income interests

A distribution meets the requirements of this clause only if—

(I)

no person holds an income interest in the split-interest entity other than the individual for whose benefit such account is maintained, the spouse of such individual, or both, and

(II)

the income interest in the split-interest entity is nonassignable.

(v)

Special rules

(I)

Charitable remainder trusts

Notwithstanding section 664(b), distributions made from a trust described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (ii) shall be treated as ordinary income in the hands of the beneficiary to whom the annuity described in section 664(d)(1)(A) or the payment described in section 664(d)(2)(A) is paid.

(II)

Charitable gift annuities

Qualified charitable distributions made to fund a charitable gift annuity shall not be treated as an investment in the contract for purposes of section 72(c).

(G)

Inflation adjustment

(i)

In general

In the case of any taxable year beginning after 2023, each of the dollar amounts in subparagraphs (A) and (F) shall be increased by an amount equal to—

(I)

such dollar amount, multiplied by

(II)

the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting “calendar year 2022” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

(ii)

Rounding

If any dollar amount increased under clause (i) is not a multiple of $1,000, such dollar amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000.

(9)

Distribution for health savings account funding

(A)

In general

In the case of an individual who is an eligible individual (as defined in section 223(c)) and who elects the application of this paragraph for a taxable year, gross income of the individual for the taxable year does not include a qualified HSA funding distribution to the extent such distribution is otherwise includible in gross income.

(B)

Qualified HSA funding distribution

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified HSA funding distribution” means a distribution from an individual retirement plan (other than a plan described in subsection (k) or (p)) of the employee to the extent that such distribution is contributed to the health savings account of the individual in a direct trustee-to-trustee transfer.

(C)

Limitations

(i)

Maximum dollar limitation

The amount excluded from gross income by subparagraph (A) shall not exceed the excess of—

(I)

the annual limitation under section 223(b) computed on the basis of the type of coverage under the high deductible health plan covering the individual at the time of the qualified HSA funding distribution, over

(II)

in the case of a distribution described in clause (ii)(II), the amount of the earlier qualified HSA funding distribution.

(ii)

One-time transfer

(I)

In general

Except as provided in subclause (II), an individual may make an election under subparagraph (A) only for one qualified HSA funding distribution during the lifetime of the individual. Such an election, once made, shall be irrevocable.

(II)

Conversion from self-only to family coverage

If a qualified HSA funding distribution is made during a month in a taxable year during which an individual has self-only coverage under a high deductible health plan as of the first day of the month, the individual may elect to make an additional qualified HSA funding distribution during a subsequent month in such taxable year during which the individual has family coverage under a high deductible health plan as of the first day of the subsequent month.

(D)

Failure to maintain high deductible health plan coverage

(i)

In general

If, at any time during the testing period, the individual is not an eligible individual, then the aggregate amount of all contributions to the health savings account of the individual made under subparagraph (A)—

(I)

shall be includible in the gross income of the individual for the taxable year in which occurs the first month in the testing period for which such individual is not an eligible individual, and

(II)

the tax imposed by this chapter for any taxable year on the individual shall be increased by 10 percent of the amount which is so includible.

(ii)

Exception for disability or death

Subclauses (I) and (II) of clause (i) shall not apply if the individual ceased to be an eligible individual by reason of the death of the individual or the individual becoming disabled (within the meaning of section 72(m)(7)).

(iii)

Testing period

The term “testing period” means the period beginning with the month in which the qualified HSA funding distribution is contributed to a health savings account and ending on the last day of the 12th month following such month.

(E)

Application of section 72

Notwithstanding section 72, in determining the extent to which an amount is treated as otherwise includible in gross income for purposes of subparagraph (A), the aggregate amount distributed from an individual retirement plan shall be treated as includible in gross income to the extent that such amount does not exceed the aggregate amount which would have been so includible if all amounts from all individual retirement plans were distributed. Proper adjustments shall be made in applying section 72 to other distributions in such taxable year and subsequent taxable years.

(e)

Tax treatment of accounts and annuities

(1)

Exemption from tax

Any individual retirement account is exempt from taxation under this subtitle unless such account has ceased to be an individual retirement account by reason of paragraph (2) or (3). Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any such account is subject to the taxes imposed by section 511 (relating to imposition of tax on unrelated business income of charitable, etc. organizations).

(2)

Loss of exemption of account where employee engages in prohibited transaction

(A)

In general

If, during any taxable year of the individual for whose benefit any individual retirement account is established, that individual or his beneficiary engages in any transaction prohibited by section 4975 with respect to such account, such account ceases to be an individual retirement account as of the first day of such taxable year. For purposes of this paragraph—

(i)

the individual for whose benefit any account was established is treated as the creator of such account,

(ii)

the separate account for any individual within an individual retirement account maintained by an employer or association of employees is treated as a separate individual retirement account, and

(iii)

each individual retirement plan of the individual shall be treated as a separate contract.

(B)

Account treated as distributing all its assets

In any case in which any account ceases to be an individual retirement account by reason of subparagraph (A) as of the first day of any taxable year, paragraph (1) of subsection (d) applies as if there were a distribution on such first day in an amount equal to the fair market value (on such first day) of all assets in the account (on such first day).

(3)

Effect of borrowing on annuity contract

If during any taxable year the owner of an individual retirement annuity borrows any money under or by use of such contract, the contract ceases to be an individual retirement annuity as of the first day of such taxable year. Such owner shall include in gross income for such year an amount equal to the fair market value of such contract as of such first day.

(4)

Effect of pledging account as security

If, during any taxable year of the individual for whose benefit an individual retirement account is established, that individual uses the account or any portion thereof as security for a loan, the portion so used is treated as distributed to that individual.

(5)

Purchase of endowment contract by individual retirement account

If the assets of an individual retirement account or any part of such assets are used to purchase an endowment contract for the benefit of the individual for whose benefit the account is established—

(A)

to the extent that the amount of the assets involved in the purchase are not attributable to the purchase of life insurance, the purchase is treated as a rollover contribution described in subsection (d)(3), and

(B)

to the extent that the amount of the assets involved in the purchase are attributable to the purchase of life, health, accident, or other insurance, such amounts are treated as distributed to that individual (but the provisions of subsection (f) do not apply).

(6)

Commingling individual retirement account amounts in certain common trust funds and common investment funds

Any common trust fund or common investment fund of individual retirement account assets which is exempt from taxation under this subtitle does not cease to be exempt on account of the participation or inclusion of assets of a trust exempt from taxation under section 501(a) which is described in section 401(a).

[(f)

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1123(d)(2)Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2475 Repealed. , , ]

(g)

Community property laws

This section shall be applied without regard to any community property laws.

(h)

Custodial accounts

For purposes of this section, a custodial account shall be treated as a trust if the assets of such account are held by a bank (as defined in subsection (n)) or another person who demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that the manner in which he will administer the account will be consistent with the requirements of this section, and if the custodial account would, except for the fact that it is not a trust, constitute an individual retirement account described in subsection (a). For purposes of this title, in the case of a custodial account treated as a trust by reason of the preceding sentence, the custodian of such account shall be treated as the trustee thereof.

(i)

Reports

The trustee of an individual retirement account and the issuer of an endowment contract described in subsection (b) or an individual retirement annuity shall make such reports regarding such account, contract, or annuity to the Secretary and to the individuals for whom the account, contract, or annuity is, or is to be, maintained with respect to contributions (and the years to which they relate), distributions aggregating $10 or more in any calendar year, and such other matters as the Secretary may require. The reports required by this subsection—

(1)

shall be filed at such time and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes, and

(2)

shall be furnished to individuals—

(A)

not later than January 31 of the calendar year following the calendar year to which such reports relate, and

(B)

in such manner as the Secretary prescribes.

In the case of a simple retirement account under subsection (p), only one report under this subsection shall be required to be submitted each calendar year to the Secretary (at the time provided under paragraph (2)) but, in addition to the report under this subsection, there shall be furnished, within 31 days after each calendar year, to the individual on whose behalf the account is maintained a statement with respect to the account balance as of the close of, and the account activity during, such calendar year.

(j)

Increase in maximum limitations for simplified employee pensions

In the case of any simplified employee pension, subsections (a)(1) and (b)(2) of this section shall be applied by increasing the amounts contained therein by the amount of the limitation in effect under section 415(c)(1)(A).

(k)

Simplified employee pension defined

(1)

In general

For purposes of this title, the term “simplified employee pension” means an individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity—

(A)

with respect to which the requirements of paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection are met, and

(B)

if such account or annuity is part of a top-heavy plan (as defined in section 416), with respect to which the requirements of section 416(c)(2) are met.

(2)

Participation requirements

This paragraph is satisfied with respect to a simplified employee pension for a year only if for such year the employer contributes to the simplified employee pension of each employee who—

(A)

has attained age 21,

(B)

has performed service for the employer during at least 3 of the immediately preceding 5 years, and

(C)

received at least $450 in compensation (within the meaning of section 414(q)(4)) from the employer for the year.

For purposes of this paragraph, there shall be excluded from consideration employees described in subparagraph (A) or (C) of section 410(b)(3). For purposes of any arrangement described in subsection (k)(6), any employee who is eligible to have employer contributions made on the employee’s behalf under such arrangement shall be treated as if such a contribution was made.

(3)

Contributions may not discriminate in favor of the highly compensated, etc.

(A)

In general

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to a simplified employee pension for a year if for such year the contributions made by the employer to simplified employee pensions for his employees do not discriminate in favor of any highly compensated employee (within the meaning of section 414(q)).

(B)

Special rules

For purposes of subparagraph (A), there shall be excluded from consideration employees described in subparagraph (A) or (C) of section 410(b)(3).

(C)

Contributions must bear uniform relationship to total compensation

For purposes of subparagraph (A), and except as provided in subparagraph (D), employer contributions to simplified employee pensions (other than contributions under an arrangement described in paragraph (6)) shall be considered discriminatory unless contributions thereto bear a uniform relationship to the compensation (not in excess of the first $200,000) of each employee maintaining a simplified employee pension.

(D)

Permitted disparity

lFor purposes of subparagraph (C), the rules of section 401()(2) shall apply to contributions to simplified employee pensions (other than contributions under an arrangement described in paragraph (6)).

(4)

Withdrawals must be permitted

A simplified employee pension meets the requirements of this paragraph only if—

(A)

employer contributions thereto are not conditioned on the retention in such pension of any portion of the amount contributed, and

(B)

there is no prohibition imposed by the employer on withdrawals from the simplified employee pension.

(5)

Contributions must be made under written allocation formula

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to a simplified employee pension only if employer contributions to such pension are determined under a definite written allocation formula which specifies—

(A)

the requirements which an employee must satisfy to share in an allocation, and

(B)

the manner in which the amount allocated is computed.

(6)

Employee may elect salary reduction arrangement

(A)

Arrangements which qualify

(i)

In general

A simplified employee pension shall not fail to meet the requirements of this subsection for a year merely because, under the terms of the pension, an employee may elect to have the employer make payments—

(I)

as elective employer contributions to the simplified employee pension on behalf of the employee, or

(II)

to the employee directly in cash.

(ii)

50 percent of eligible employees must elect

Clause (i) shall not apply to a simplified employee pension unless an election described in clause (i)(I) is made or is in effect with respect to not less than 50 percent of the employees of the employer eligible to participate.

(iii)

Requirements relating to deferral percentage

Clause (i) shall not apply to a simplified employee pension for any year unless the deferral percentage for such year of each highly compensated employee eligible to participate is not more than the product of—

(I)

the average of the deferral percentages for such year of all employees (other than highly compensated employees) eligible to participate, multiplied by

(II)

1.25.

(iv)

Limitations on elective deferrals

Clause (i) shall not apply to a simplified employee pension unless the requirements of section 401(a)(30) are met.

(B)

Exception where more than 25 employees

This paragraph shall not apply with respect to any year in the case of a simplified employee pension maintained by an employer with more than 25 employees who were eligible to participate (or would have been required to be eligible to participate if a pension was maintained) at any time during the preceding year.

(C)

Distributions of excess contributions

(i)

In general

Rules similar to the rules of section 401(k)(8) shall apply to any excess contribution under this paragraph. Any excess contribution under a simplified employee pension shall be treated as an excess contribution for purposes of section 4979.

(ii)

Excess contribution

For purposes of clause (i), the term “excess contribution” means, with respect to a highly compensated employee, the excess of elective employer contributions under this paragraph over the maximum amount of such contributions allowable under subparagraph (A)(iii).

(D)

Deferral percentage

For purposes of this paragraph, the deferral percentage for an employee for a year shall be the ratio of—

(i)

the amount of elective employer contributions actually paid over to the simplified employee pension on behalf of the employee for the year, to

(ii)

the employee’s compensation (not in excess of the first $200,000) for the year.

(E)

Exception for State and local and tax-exempt pensions

This paragraph shall not apply to a simplified employee pension maintained by—

(i)

a State or local government or political subdivision thereof, or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or

(ii)

an organization exempt from tax under this title.

(F)

Exception where pension does not meet requirements necessary to insure distribution of excess contributions

This paragraph shall not apply with respect to any year for which the simplified employee pension does not meet such requirements as the Secretary may prescribe as are necessary to insure that excess contributions are distributed in accordance with subparagraph (C), including—

(i)

reporting requirements, and

(ii)

requirements which, notwithstanding paragraph (4), provide that contributions (and any income allocable thereto) may not be withdrawn from a simplified employee pension until a determination has been made that the requirements of subparagraph (A)(iii) have been met with respect to such contributions.

(G)

Highly compensated employee

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “highly compensated employee” has the meaning given such term by section 414(q).

(H)

Termination

December 31, 1996December 31, 1996This paragraph shall not apply to years beginning after . The preceding sentence shall not apply to a simplified employee pension of an employer if the terms of simplified employee pensions of such employer, as in effect on , provide that an employee may make the election described in subparagraph (A).

(7)

Roth contribution election

An individual retirement plan which is designated as a Roth IRA shall not be treated as a simplified employee pension under this subsection unless the employee elects for such plan to be so treated (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may provide).

(8)

Definitions

lFor purposes of this subsection and subsection ()—

(A)

Employee, employer, or owner-employee

The terms “employee”, “employer”, and “owner-employee” shall have the respective meanings given such terms by section 401(c).

(B)

Compensation

Except as provided in paragraph (2)(C), the term “compensation” has the meaning given such term by section 414(s).

(C)

Year

The term “year” means—

(i)

the calendar year, or

(ii)

if the employer elects, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, to maintain the simplified employee pension on the basis of the employer’s taxable year.

(9)

Cost-of-living adjustment

The Secretary shall adjust the $450 amount in paragraph (2)(C) at the same time and in the same manner as under section 415(d) and shall adjust the $200,000 amount in paragraphs (3)(C) and (6)(D)(ii) at the same time, and by the same amount, as any adjustment under section 401(a)(17)(B); except that any increase in the $450 amount which is not a multiple of $50 shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50.

(10)

Cross reference

For excise tax on certain excess contributions, see section 4979.

(l)

Simplified employer reports

(1)

In general

An employer who makes a contribution on behalf of an employee to a simplified employee pension shall provide such simplified reports with respect to such contributions as the Secretary may require by regulations. The reports required by this subsection shall be filed at such time and in such manner, and information with respect to such contributions shall be furnished to the employee at such time and in such manner, as may be required by regulations.

(2)

Simple retirement accounts

(A)

No employer reports

Except as provided in this paragraph, no report shall be required under this section by an employer maintaining a qualified salary reduction arrangement under subsection (p).

(B)

Summary description

The trustee of any simple retirement account established pursuant to a qualified salary reduction arrangement under subsection (p) and the issuer of an annuity established under such an arrangement shall provide to the employer maintaining the arrangement, each year a description containing the following information:

(i)

The name and address of the employer and the trustee or issuer.

(ii)

The requirements for eligibility for participation.

(iii)

The benefits provided with respect to the arrangement.

(iv)

The time and method of making elections with respect to the arrangement.

(v)

The procedures for, and effects of, withdrawals (including rollovers) from the arrangement.

(C)

Employee notification

The employer shall notify each employee immediately before the period for which an election described in subsection (p)(5)(C) may be made of the employee’s opportunity to make such election. Such notice shall include a copy of the description described in subparagraph (B).

(m)

Investment in collectibles treated as distributions

(1)

In general

The acquisition by an individual retirement account or by an individually-directed account under a plan described in section 401(a) of any collectible shall be treated (for purposes of this section and section 402) as a distribution from such account in an amount equal to the cost to such account of such collectible.

(2)

Collectible defined

For purposes of this subsection, the term “collectible” means—

(A)

any work of art,

(B)

any rug or antique,

(C)

any metal or gem,

(D)

any stamp or coin,

(E)

any alcoholic beverage, or

(F)

any other tangible personal property specified by the Secretary for purposes of this subsection.

(3)

Exception for certain coins and bullion

For purposes of this subsection, the term “collectible” shall not include—

(A)

any coin which is—

(i)

section 5112(a) of title 31 a gold coin described in paragraph (7), (8), (9), or (10) of , United States Code,

(ii)

section 5112(e) of title 31 a silver coin described in , United States Code,

(iii)

section 5112(k) of title 31 a platinum coin described in , United States Code, or

(iv)

a coin issued under the laws of any State, or

(B)

7 U.S.C. 7 any gold, silver, platinum, or palladium bullion of a fineness equal to or exceeding the minimum fineness that a contract market (as described in section 5 of the Commodity Exchange Act, ) requires for metals which may be delivered in satisfaction of a regulated futures contract,

1 So in original. Concluding provisions probably should be part of subpar. (B).

if such bullion is in the physical possession of a trustee described under subsection (a) of this section.

(n)

Bank

For purposes of subsection (a)(2), the term “bank” means—

(1)

any bank (as defined in section 581),

(2)

an insured credit union (within the meaning of paragraph (6) or (7) of section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act), and

(3)

a corporation which, under the laws of the State of its incorporation, is subject to supervision and examination by the Commissioner of Banking or other officer of such State in charge of the administration of the banking laws of such State.

(o)

Definitions and rules relating to nondeductible contributions to individual retirement plans

(1)

In general

Subject to the provisions of this subsection, designated nondeductible contributions may be made on behalf of an individual to an individual retirement plan.

(2)

Limits on amounts which may be contributed

(A)

In general

The amount of the designated nondeductible contributions made on behalf of any individual for any taxable year shall not exceed the nondeductible limit for such taxable year.

(B)

Nondeductible limit

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i)

In general

The term “nondeductible limit” means the excess of—

(I)

the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 (determined without regard to section 219(g)), over

(II)

the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 (determined with regard to section 219(g)).

(ii)

Taxpayer may elect to treat deductible contributions as nondeductible

If a taxpayer elects not to deduct an amount which (without regard to this clause) is allowable as a deduction under section 219 for any taxable year, the nondeductible limit for such taxable year shall be increased by such amount.

(C)

Designated nondeductible contributions

(i)

In general

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “designated nondeductible contribution” means any contribution to an individual retirement plan for the taxable year which is designated (in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe) as a contribution for which a deduction is not allowable under section 219.

(ii)

Designation

Any designation under clause (i) shall be made on the return of tax imposed by chapter 1 for the taxable year.

(3)

Time when contributions made

In determining for which taxable year a designated nondeductible contribution is made, the rule of section 219(f)(3) shall apply.

(4)

Individual required to report amount of designated nondeductible contributions

(A)

In general

Any individual who—

(i)

makes a designated nondeductible contribution to any individual retirement plan for any taxable year, or

(ii)

receives any amount from any individual retirement plan for any taxable year,

shall include on his return of the tax imposed by chapter 1 for such taxable year and any succeeding taxable year (or on such other form as the Secretary may prescribe for any such taxable year) information described in subparagraph (B).

(B)

Information required to be supplied

The following information is described in this subparagraph:

(i)

The amount of designated nondeductible contributions for the taxable year.

(ii)

The amount of distributions from individual retirement plans for the taxable year.

(iii)

The excess (if any) of—

(I)

the aggregate amount of designated nondeductible contributions for all preceding taxable years, over

(II)

the aggregate amount of distributions from individual retirement plans which was excludable from gross income for such taxable years.

(iv)

The aggregate balance of all individual retirement plans of the individual as of the close of the calendar year in which the taxable year begins.

(v)

Such other information as the Secretary may prescribe.

(C)

Penalty for reporting contributions not made

For penalty where individual reports designated nondeductible contributions not made, see section 6693(b).

(5)

Special rule for difficulty of care payments excluded from gross income

In the case of an individual who for a taxable year excludes from gross income under section 131 a qualified foster care payment which is a difficulty of care payment, if—

(A)

the deductible amount in effect for the taxable year under section 219(b), exceeds

(B)

the amount of compensation includible in the individual’s gross income for the taxable year,

the individual may elect to increase the nondeductible limit under paragraph (2) for the taxable year by an amount equal to the lesser of such excess or the amount so excluded.

(p)

Simple retirement accounts

(1)

In general

For purposes of this title, the term “simple retirement account” means an individual retirement plan (as defined in section 7701(a)(37))—

(A)

with respect to which the requirements of paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) are met; and

(B)

except in the case of a rollover contribution described in subsection (d)(3)(G) or a rollover contribution otherwise described in subsection (d)(3) or in section 402(c), 403(a)(4), 403(b)(8), or 457(e)(16), which is made after the 2-year period described in section 72(t)(6), with respect to which the only contributions allowed are contributions under a qualified salary reduction arrangement.

(2)

Qualified salary reduction arrangement

(A)

In general

For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified salary reduction arrangement” means a written arrangement of an eligible employer under which—

(i)

an employee eligible to participate in the arrangement may elect to have the employer make payments—

(I)

as elective employer contributions to a simple retirement account on behalf of the employee, or

(II)

to the employee directly in cash,

(ii)

the amount which an employee may elect under clause (i) for any year is required to be expressed as a percentage of compensation and may not exceed a total of the applicable dollar amount for any year,

(iii)

the employer is required to make a matching contribution to the simple retirement account for any year in an amount equal to so much of the amount the employee elects under clause (i)(I) as does not exceed the applicable percentage of compensation for the year,

(iv)

the employer may make nonelective contributions of a uniform percentage (up to 10 percent) of compensation for each employee who is eligible to participate in the arrangement, and who has at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the year, but such contributions with respect to any employee shall not exceed $5,000 for the year, and

(v)

no contributions may be made other than contributions described in clause (i), (iii), or (iv).

The compensation taken into account under clause (iv) for any year shall not exceed the limitation in effect for such year under section 401(a)(17).

(B)

Employer may elect 2-percent nonelective contribution

(i)

In general

An employer shall be treated as meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A)(iii) for any year if, in lieu of the contributions described in such clause, the employer elects to make nonelective contributions of 2 percent of compensation for each employee who is eligible to participate in the arrangement and who has at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the year. If an employer makes an election under this subparagraph for any year, the employer shall notify employees of such election within a reasonable period of time before the 60-day period for such year under paragraph (5)(C).

(ii)

Compensation limitation

The compensation taken into account under clause (i) for any year shall not exceed the limitation in effect for such year under section 401(a)(17).

(iii)

Special rule for electing larger employers

In the case of an employer which had more than 25 employees who received at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the preceding year, and which makes the election under subparagraph (E)(i)(II) for any year, clause (i) shall be applied for such year by substituting “3 percent” for “2 percent”.

(C)

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(i)

Eligible employer

(I)

In general

The term “eligible employer” means, with respect to any year, an employer which had no more than 100 employees who received at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the preceding year.

(II)

2-year grace period

An eligible employer who establishes and maintains a plan under this subsection for 1 or more years and who fails to be an eligible employer for any subsequent year shall be treated as an eligible employer for the 2 years following the last year the employer was an eligible employer. If such failure is due to any acquisition, disposition, or similar transaction involving an eligible employer, the preceding sentence shall not apply.

(ii)

Applicable percentage

(I)

In general

Except as provided in subclause (IV), the term “applicable percentage” means 3 percent.

(II)

Election of lower percentage

An employer may elect to apply a lower percentage (not less than 1 percent) for any year for all employees eligible to participate in the plan for such year if the employer notifies the employees of such lower percentage within a reasonable period of time before the 60-day election period for such year under paragraph (5)(C). An employer may not elect a lower percentage under this subclause for any year if that election would result in the applicable percentage being lower than the applicable percentage in more than 2 of the years in the 5-year period ending with such year.

(III)

Special rule for years arrangement not in effect

If any year in the 5-year period described in subclause (II) is a year prior to the first year for which any qualified salary reduction arrangement is in effect with respect to the employer (or any predecessor), the employer shall be treated as if the level of the employer matching contribution was at the applicable percentage of compensation for such prior year.

(IV)

Special rule for electing larger employers

In the case of an employer which had more than 25 employees who received at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the preceding year, and which makes the election under subparagraph (E)(i)(II) for any year, subclause (I) shall be applied for such year by substituting “4 percent” for “3 percent”.

(D)

Arrangement may be only plan of employer

(i)

In general

An arrangement shall not be treated as a qualified salary reduction arrangement for any year if the employer (or any predecessor employer) maintained a qualified plan with respect to which contributions were made, or benefits were accrued, for service in any year in the period beginning with the year such arrangement became effective and ending with the year for which the determination is being made. If only individuals other than employees described in subparagraph (A) of section 410(b)(3) are eligible to participate in such arrangement, then the preceding sentence shall be applied without regard to any qualified plan in which only employees so described are eligible to participate.

(ii)

Qualified plan

For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “qualified plan” means a plan, contract, pension, or trust described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 219(g)(5).

(E)

Applicable dollar amount; cost-of-living adjustment

(i)

In general

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the applicable dollar amount is—

(I)

the adjusted dollar amount in the case of an eligible employer described in clause (iii) which had not more than 25 employees who received at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for the preceding year,

(II)

the adjusted dollar amount in the case of an eligible employer described in clause (iii) which is not described in subclause (I) and which elects, at such time and in such manner as prescribed by the Secretary, the application of this subclause for the year, and

(III)

$10,000 in any other case.

(ii)

Adjusted dollar amount

For purposes of clause (i), the adjusted dollar amount is an amount equal to 110 percent of the dollar amount in effect under clause (i)(III) for calendar year 2024.

(iii)

Cost-of-living adjustment

(I)

Certain large employers

December 31, 2005July 1, 2004In the case of a year beginning after , the Secretary shall adjust the $10,000 amount under clause (i)(III) at the same time and in the same manner as under section 415(d), except that the base period taken into account shall be the calendar quarter beginning , and any increase under this subparagraph which is not a multiple of $500 shall be rounded to the next lower multiple of $500.

(II)

Other employers

December 31, 2024July 1, 2023In the case of a year beginning after , the Secretary shall adjust annually the adjusted dollar amount under clause (ii) in the manner provided under subclause (I) of this clause, except that the base period taken into account shall be the calendar quarter beginning .

(iv)

Employer has not had another plan within 3 years

An eligible employer is described in this clause only if, during the 3-taxable-year period immediately preceding the 1st year the employer maintains the qualified salary reduction arrangement under this paragraph, neither the employer nor any member of any controlled group including the employer (or any predecessor of either) established or maintained any plan described in clause (i), (ii), or (iv) of section 219(g)(5)(A) with respect to which contributions were made, or benefits were accrued, for substantially the same employees as are eligible to participate in such qualified salary reduction arrangement.

(F)

Matching contributions for qualified student loan payments

(i)

In general

Subject to the rules of clause (iii), an arrangement shall not fail to be treated as meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A)(iii) solely because under the arrangement, solely for purposes of such subparagraph, qualified student loan payments are treated as amounts elected by the employee under subparagraph (A)(i)(I) to the extent such payments do not exceed—

(I)

the applicable dollar amount under subparagraph (E) (after application of section 414(v)) for the year (or, if lesser, the employee’s compensation (as defined in section 415(c)(3)) for the year), reduced by

(II)

any other amounts elected by the employee under subparagraph (A)(i)(I) for the year.

(ii)

Qualified student loan payment

For purposes of this subparagraph—

(I)

In general

The term “qualified student loan payment” means a payment made by an employee in repayment of a qualified education loan (as defined in section 221(d)(1)) incurred by the employee to pay qualified higher education expenses, but only if the employee certifies to the employer making the matching contribution that such payment has been made on such a loan.

(II)

Qualified higher education expenses

The term “qualified higher education expenses” has the same meaning as when used in section 401(m)(4)(D).

(iii)

Applicable rules

Clause (i) shall apply to an arrangement only if, under the arrangement—

(I)

matching contributions on account of qualified student loan payments are provided only on behalf of employees otherwise eligible to elect contributions under subparagraph (A)(i)(I), and

(II)

all employees otherwise eligible to participate in the arrangement are eligible to receive matching contributions on account of qualified student loan payments.

(G)

Adjustment for inflation

December 31, 2024In the case of taxable years beginning after , the $5,000 amount in subparagraph (A)(iv)(II) shall be increased by an amount equal to—

(i)

such amount, multiplied by

(ii)

the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting “2023” for “2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

If any amount as adjusted under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $100, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $100.

(H)

2-year grace period

An eligible employer which had not more than 25 employees who received at least $5,000 of compensation from the employer for 1 or more years, and which has more than 25 such employees for any subsequent year, shall be treated for purposes of subparagraph (E)(i) as having 25 such employees for the 2 years following the last year the employer had not more than 25 such employees, and not as having made the election under subparagraph (E)(i)(II) for such 2 years. Rules similar to the second sentence of subparagraph (C)(i)(II) shall apply for purposes of this subparagraph.

(3)

Vesting requirements

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to a simple retirement account if the employee’s rights to any contribution to the simple retirement account are nonforfeitable. For purposes of this paragraph, rules similar to the rules of subsection (k)(4) shall apply.

(4)

Participation requirements

(A)

In general

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any simple retirement account for a year only if, under the qualified salary reduction arrangement, all employees of the employer who—

(i)

received at least $5,000 in compensation from the employer during any 2 preceding years, and

(ii)

are reasonably expected to receive at least $5,000 in compensation during the year,

are eligible to make the election under paragraph (2)(A)(i) or receive the nonelective contribution described in paragraph (2)(B).

(B)

Excludable employees

An employer may elect to exclude from the requirement under subparagraph (A) employees described in section 410(b)(3).

(5)

Administrative requirements

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any simple retirement account if, under the qualified salary reduction arrangement—

(A)

an employer must—

(i)

make the elective employer contributions under paragraph (2)(A)(i) not later than the close of the 30-day period following the last day of the month with respect to which the contributions are to be made, and

(ii)

make the matching contributions under paragraph (2)(A)(iii) or the nonelective contributions under paragraph (2)(B) not later than the date described in section 404(m)(2)(B),

(B)

an employee may elect to terminate participation in such arrangement at any time during the year, except that if an employee so terminates, the arrangement may provide that the employee may not elect to resume participation until the beginning of the next year, and

(C)

each employee eligible to participate may elect, during the 60-day period before the beginning of any year (and the 60-day period before the first day such employee is eligible to participate), to participate in the arrangement, or to modify the amounts subject to such arrangement, for such year.

(6)

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

Compensation

(i)

In general

The term “compensation” means amounts described in paragraphs (3) and (8) of section 6051(a). For purposes of the preceding sentence, amounts described in section 6051(a)(3) shall be determined without regard to section 3401(a)(3).

(ii)

Self-employed

In the case of an employee described in subparagraph (B), the term “compensation” means net earnings from self-employment determined under section 1402(a) without regard to any contribution under this subsection. The preceding sentence shall be applied as if the term “trade or business” for purposes of section 1402 included service described in section 1402(c)(6).

(B)

Employee

The term “employee” includes an employee as defined in section 401(c)(1).

(C)

Year

The term “year” means the calendar year.

(7)

Use of designated financial institution

lA plan shall not be treated as failing to satisfy the requirements of this subsection or any other provision of this title merely because the employer makes all contributions to the individual retirement accounts or annuities of a designated trustee or issuer. The preceding sentence shall not apply unless each plan participant is notified in writing (either separately or as part of the notice under subsection ()(2)(C)) that the participant’s balance may be transferred without cost or penalty to another individual account or annuity in accordance with subsection (d)(3)(G).

(8)

Coordination with maximum limitation

In the case of any simple retirement account—

(A)

subsection (a)(1) shall be applied by substituting for “the amount in effect for such taxable year under section 219(b)(1)(A)” the following: “the sum of the dollar amount in effect under subsection (p)(2)(A)(ii), the employer contribution required under subsection (p)(2)(A)(iii) or (p)(2)(B)(i), whichever is applicable, and a contribution which meets the requirement of subsection (p)(2)(A)(iv) with respect to the employee”, and

(B)

subsection (b)(2)(B) shall be applied by substituting for “the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)” the following: “the sum of the dollar amount in effect under subsection (p)(2)(A)(ii), the employer contribution required under subsection (p)(2)(A)(iii) or (p)(2)(B)(i), whichever is applicable, and a contribution which meets the requirement of subsection (p)(2)(A)(iv) with respect to the employee”.

(9)

Matching contributions on behalf of self-employed individuals not treated as elective employer contributions

Any matching contribution described in paragraph (2)(A)(iii) which is made on behalf of a self-employed individual (as defined in section 401(c)) shall not be treated as an elective employer contribution to a simple retirement account for purposes of this title.

(10)

Special rules for acquisitions, dispositions, and similar transactions

(A)

In general

An employer which fails to meet any applicable requirement by reason of an acquisition, disposition, or similar transaction shall not be treated as failing to meet such requirement during the transition period if—

(i)

the employer satisfies requirements similar to the requirements of section 410(b)(6)(C)(i)(II); and

(ii)

the qualified salary reduction arrangement maintained by the employer would satisfy the requirements of this subsection after the transaction if the employer which maintained the arrangement before the transaction had remained a separate employer.

(B)

Applicable requirement

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “applicable requirement” means—

(i)

the requirement under paragraph (2)(A)(i) that an employer be an eligible employer;

(ii)

the requirement under paragraph (2)(D) that an arrangement be the only plan of an employer; and

(iii)

the participation requirements under paragraph (4).

(C)

Transition period

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “transition period” means the period beginning on the date of any transaction described in subparagraph (A) and ending on the last day of the second calendar year following the calendar year in which such transaction occurs.

(11)

Replacement of simple retirement accounts with safe harbor plans during plan year

(A)

In general

Subject to the requirements of this paragraph, an employer may elect (in such form and manner as the Secretary may prescribe) at any time during a year to terminate the qualified salary reduction arrangement under paragraph (2), but only if the employer establishes and maintains (as of the day after the termination date) a safe harbor plan to replace the terminated arrangement.

(B)

Combined limits on contributions

The terminated arrangement and safe harbor plan shall both be treated as violating the requirements of paragraph (2)(A)(ii) or section 401(a)(30) (whichever is applicable) if the aggregate elective contributions of the employee under the terminated arrangement during its last plan year and under the safe harbor plan during its transition year exceed the sum of—

(i)

the applicable dollar amount for such arrangement (determined on a full-year basis) under this subsection (after the application of section 414(v)) with respect to the employee for such last plan year multiplied by a fraction equal to the number of days in such plan year divided by 365, and

(ii)

the applicable dollar amount (as so determined) under section 402(g)(1) for such safe harbor plan on such elective contributions during the transition year multiplied by a fraction equal to the number of days in such transition year divided by 365.

(C)

Transition year

For purposes of this paragraph, the transition year is the period beginning after the termination date and ending on the last day of the calendar year during which the termination occurs.

(D)

Safe harbor plan

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “safe harbor plan” means a qualified cash or deferred arrangement which meets the requirements of paragraph (11), (12), (13), or (16) of section 401(k).

(12)

Roth contribution election

An individual retirement plan which is designated as a Roth IRA shall not be treated as a simple retirement account under this subsection unless the employee elects for such plan to be so treated (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may provide).

(q)

Deemed IRAs under qualified employer plans

(1)

General rule

If—

(A)

a qualified employer plan elects to allow employees to make voluntary employee contributions to a separate account or annuity established under the plan, and

(B)

under the terms of the qualified employer plan, such account or annuity meets the applicable requirements of this section or section 408A for an individual retirement account or annuity,

then such account or annuity shall be treated for purposes of this title in the same manner as an individual retirement plan and not as a qualified employer plan (and contributions to such account or annuity as contributions to an individual retirement plan and not to the qualified employer plan). For purposes of subparagraph (B), the requirements of subsection (a)(5) shall not apply.

(2)

Special rules for qualified employer plans

For purposes of this title, a qualified employer plan shall not fail to meet any requirement of this title solely by reason of establishing and maintaining a program described in paragraph (1).

(3)

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

Qualified employer plan

The term “qualified employer plan” has the meaning given such term by section 72(p)(4)(A)(i); except that such term shall also include an eligible deferred compensation plan (as defined in section 457(b)) of an eligible employer described in section 457(e)(1)(A).

(B)

Voluntary employee contribution

The term “voluntary employee contribution” means any contribution (other than a mandatory contribution within the meaning of section 411(c)(2)(C))—

(i)

which is made by an individual as an employee under a qualified employer plan which allows employees to elect to make contributions described in paragraph (1), and

(ii)

with respect to which the individual has designated the contribution as a contribution to which this subsection applies.

(r)

Cross references

(1)

For tax on excess contributions in individual retirement accounts or annuities, see section 4973.

(2)

For tax on certain accumulations in individual retirement accounts or annuities, see section 4974.

Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 2002(b)Sept. 2, 197488 Stat. 959 Pub. L. 94–455, title XV, § 1501(b)(2)Oct. 4, 197690 Stat. 1735–1737 Pub. L. 95–600, title INov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2797 Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 101(a)(10)(A)Apr. 1, 198094 Stat. 201–205 Pub. L. 96–605, title II, § 225(b)(3)Dec. 28, 198094 Stat. 3529 Pub. L. 97–34, title IIIAug. 13, 198195 Stat. 281–284 Pub. L. 97–248, title IISept. 3, 198296 Stat. 512 Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 103(d)(1)Jan. 12, 198396 Stat. 2378 Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 147(a)July 18, 198498 Stat. 687 Pub. L. 99–514, title XIOct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2414–2416 Pub. L. 100–647, title INov. 10, 1988102 Stat. 3456 Pub. L. 101–239, title VIIDec. 19, 1989103 Stat. 2412 Pub. L. 102–318, title V, § 521(b)(16)July 3, 1992106 Stat. 311 Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13212(b)Aug. 10, 1993107 Stat. 472 Pub. L. 103–465, title VII, § 732(d)Dec. 8, 1994108 Stat. 5005 Pub. L. 104–188, title IAug. 20, 1996110 Stat. 1792 Pub. L. 105–34, title IIIAug. 5, 1997111 Stat. 829 Pub. L. 105–206, title VIJuly 22, 1998112 Stat. 820–822 Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 319(3)]Dec. 21, 2000114 Stat. 2763 Pub. L. 107–16, title VIJune 7, 2001115 Stat. 95 Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 411(i)(1)Mar. 9, 2002116 Stat. 46 Pub. L. 108–311, title IVOct. 4, 2004118 Stat. 1188 Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, § 1201(a)Aug. 17, 2006120 Stat. 1063 Pub. L. 109–432, div. A, title III, § 307(a)Dec. 20, 2006120 Stat. 2951 Pub. L. 110–172, § 3(a)Dec. 29, 2007121 Stat. 2474 Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, § 205(a)Oct. 3, 2008122 Stat. 3865 Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, § 725(a)Dec. 17, 2010124 Stat. 3316 Pub. L. 112–240, title II, § 208(a)Jan. 2, 2013126 Stat. 2324 Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, § 108(a)Dec. 19, 2014128 Stat. 4013 Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, § 112(a)Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 3047 Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11051(b)(3)(G)Dec. 22, 2017131 Stat. 2090 Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(75)Mar. 23, 2018132 Stat. 1187 Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title IDec. 20, 2019133 Stat. 3141 Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title IDec. 29, 2022136 Stat. 5289(Added , , ; amended , (5), (10), title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), , , 1834; , §§ 152(a), (b), 156(c)(1), (3), 157(c)(1), (d)(1), (e)(1)(A), (g)(3), (h)(2), title VII, § 703(c)(4), , , 2802, 2803, 2805, 2806, 2808, 2939; , (C), (F), (G), (J)(i), (14)(B), (E)(ii), , ; , (4), , ; , §§ 311(g)(1)(A)–(C), (2), (h)(2), 312(b)(2), (c)(5), 313(b)(2), 314(b)(1), , , 286; , §§ 237(e)(3), 238(d)(3), (4), 243(a), (b)(1)(A), title III, § 335(a)(1), , , 513, 521, 522, 628; , (e), , ; , title IV, § 491(d)(19)–(24), title V, §§ 521(b), 522(d)(12), title VII, § 713(c)(2)(B), (f)(2), (5)(B), (g)(2), (j), , , 850, 867, 871, 957, 959, 960; , §§ 1102(a), (b)(2), (c), (e)(2), 1108(a), (d)–(g)(1), (4), (6), 1121(c)(2), 1122(e)(2)(B), 1123(d)(2), 1144(a), title XVIII, §§ 1852(a)(1), (5)(C), (7)(A), 1875(c)(6)(A), (8), 1898(a)(5), , , 2431, 2433, 2434, 2465, 2470, 2475, 2490, 2864–2866, 2895, 2944; , §§ 1011(b)(1)–(3), (c)(7)(C), (f)(1)–(5), (10), (i)(5), 1011A(a)(2)(A), 1018(t)(3)(D), title VI, § 6057(a), , , 3458, 3461–3463, 3468, 3472, 3588, 3698; , §§ 7811(m)(7), 7841(a)(1), , , 2427; –(19), , ; , , ; , , ; , §§ 1421(a), (b)(3)(B), (5), (6), (c), 1427(b)(3), 1431(c)(1)(B), 1455(b)(1), , , 1796–1798, 1802, 1803, 1817; , §§ 302(d), 304(a), title XV, § 1501(b), title XVI, § 1601(d)(1)(A)–(C)(i), (D)–(G), , , 831, 1058, 1087, 1088; , §§ 6015(a), 6016(a)(1), 6018(b), , ; , , , 2763A–646; , §§ 601(b), 602(a), 611(c)(1), (f)(1), (2), (g)(2), 641(e)(8), 642(a), (b)(2), (3), 643(c), 644(b), , , 97, 99, 121–123; , (j)(1), , , 47; , §§ 404(d), 408(a)(12), (13), , , 1191; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , , ; , title II, § 221(a)(53), , , 4045; , title III, § 306(a), , , 3089; , , ; , (76), , ; , §§ 101(a)(3), 107(b), 114(c), 116(a)(1), , , 3149, 3156, 3161; , §§ 107(d), 110(d), 116(a), (b)(1), 117(a), (c)–(f), title III, §§ 307(a), (b), 322(a), 332(a), (b)(2), title IV, § 401(b)(4), title VI, § 601(b)(3), (c)(1), , , 5292, 5298–5301, 5343, 5345, 5356, 5367, 5368, 5388, 5390.)

Inflation Adjusted Items for Certain Years

section 401 of this titleFor inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Internal Revenue Notices listed in a table under .

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Paragraph (6) or (7) of section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act, referred to in subsec. (n)(2), is classified to section 1752(6), (7) of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Amendments

Pub. L. 117–328, § 107(d)2022—Subsec. (b). , in concluding provisions, substituted “the applicable age (determined under section 401(a)(9)(C)(v) for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins)” for “age 72”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 332(b)(2)Subsec. (d)(3)(G). , substituted “72(t)(6)(A)” for “72(t)(6)”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 307(a)Subsec. (d)(8)(F). , added subpar. (F).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 307(b)Subsec. (d)(8)(G). , added subpar. (G).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 322(a)Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(iii). , added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 601(b)(3)Subsec. (k)(7) to (10). , added par. (7) and redesignated former pars. (7) to (9) as (8) to (10), respectively.

oPub. L. 117–328, § 401(b)(4)Subsec. ()(5)(A). , substituted “section 219(b)” for “subsection (b)”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(a)(2)Subsec. (p)(2)(A). , inserted concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(a)(1)Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(iv). , added cl. (iv). Former cl. (iv) redesignated (v).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(b)(1)Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(v). , substituted “, (iii), or (iv)” for “or (iii)”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(a)(1), redesignated cl. (iv) as (v).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(d)Subsec. (p)(2)(B)(iii). , added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(c)(1)Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(ii)(I). , substituted “Except as provided in subclause (IV), the term” for “The term”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(c)(3)Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(ii)(II), (III). , substituted “the applicable percentage” for “3 percent”.

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(c)(2)Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(ii)(IV). , added subcl. (IV).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(a)Subsec. (p)(2)(E)(i) to (iii). , substituted “dollar amount is—” and subcls. (I) to (III) for “amount is $10,000.” in cl. (i), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii), and, in cl. (iii), designated existing provisions as subcl. (I), inserted subcl. heading, substituted “clause (i)(III)” for “clause (i)”, and added subcl. (II).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(f)Subsec. (p)(2)(E)(iv). , added cl. (iv).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 110(d)Subsec. (p)(2)(F). , added subpar. (F).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(a)(4)Subsec. (p)(2)(G). , added subpar. (G).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 117(e)Subsec. (p)(2)(H). , added subpar. (H).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 116(a)(3)Subsec. (p)(8). , amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of any simple retirement account, subsections (a)(1) and (b)(2) shall be applied by substituting ‘the sum of the dollar amount in effect under paragraph (2)(A)(ii) of this subsection and the employer contribution required under subparagraph (A)(iii) or (B)(i) of paragraph (2) of this subsection, whichever is applicable’ for ‘the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)’.”

Pub. L. 117–328, § 332(a)Subsec. (p)(11). , added par. (11).

Pub. L. 117–328, § 601(c)(1)Subsec. (p)(12). , added par. (12).

Pub. L. 116–94, § 101(a)(3)Subsec. (c)(3). , added par. (3).

Pub. L. 116–94, § 107(b)Subsec. (d)(8)(A). , inserted at end “The amount of distributions not includible in gross income by reason of the preceding sentence for a taxable year (determined without regard to this sentence) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by an amount equal to the excess of—” and added cls. (i) and (ii).

oPub. L. 116–94, § 116(a)(1)Subsec. ()(5). , added par. (5).

Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(75)2018—Subsec. (a)(1). , inserted “or” after “subsection (d)(3)”.

Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(76)Subsec. (m)(3)(B). , substituted “section 5” for “section 7”.

Pub. L. 115–972017—Subsec. (d)(6). substituted “clause (i) of section 121(d)(3)(C)” for “subparagraph (A) of section 71(b)(2)”.

Pub. L. 114–113, § 112(a)December 31, 20142015—Subsec. (d)(8)(F). , struck out subpar. (F). Text read as follows: “This paragraph shall not apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

Pub. L. 114–113, § 306(a)Subsec. (p)(1)(B). , inserted “except in the case of a rollover contribution described in subsection (d)(3)(G) or a rollover contribution otherwise described in subsection (d)(3) or in section 402(c), 403(a)(4), 403(b)(8), or 457(e)(16), which is made after the 2-year period described in section 72(t)(6),” before “with respect to which the only contributions allowed”.

Pub. L. 113–295, § 108(a)December 31, 2014December 31, 20132014—Subsec. (d)(8)(F). , substituted “” for “”.

Pub. L. 113–295, § 221(a)(53)Subsec. (p)(2)(E)(i). , amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) listed applicable dollar amounts for subsec. (p)(2)(A)(ii) for calendar years 2002 to 2005 and thereafter.

Pub. L. 112–240December 31, 2013December 31, 20112013—Subsec. (d)(8)(F). substituted “” for “”.

Pub. L. 111–312December 31, 2011December 31, 20092010—Subsec. (d)(8)(F). substituted “” for “”.

Pub. L. 110–343December 31, 2009December 31, 20072008—Subsec. (d)(8)(F). substituted “” for “”.

Pub. L. 110–1722007—Subsec. (d)(8)(D). substituted “all amounts in all individual retirement plans of the individual were distributed during such taxable year and all such plans were treated as 1 contract for purposes of determining under section 72 the aggregate amount which would have been so includible” for “all amounts distributed from all individual retirement plans were treated as 1 contract under paragraph (2)(A) for purposes of determining the inclusion of such distribution under section 72”.

Pub. L. 109–2802006—Subsec. (d)(8). , which directed the amendment of section 408(d) by adding par. (8), without specifying the act to be amended, was executed by making the addition to this section, which is section 408 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 109–432Subsec. (d)(9). added par. (9).

Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(12)2004—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “457(e)(16),” for “457(e)(16)”.

Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(13)Subsec. (n)(2). , substituted “paragraph (6) or (7) of section 101” for “section 101(6)”.

Pub. L. 108–311, § 404(d)Subsec. (p)(6)(A)(i). , inserted at end “For purposes of the preceding sentence, amounts described in section 6051(a)(3) shall be determined without regard to section 3401(a)(3).”

Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(j)(1)(A)2002—Subsec. (k)(2)(C). , substituted “$450” for “$300”.

Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(j)(1)(B)Subsec. (k)(8). , substituted “$450” for “$300” in two places.

Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(i)(1)Subsec. (q)(3)(A). , reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘qualified employer plan’ has the meaning given such term by section 72(p)(4); except such term shall not include a government plan which is not a qualified plan unless the plan is an eligible deferred compensation plan (as defined in section 457(b)).”

Pub. L. 107–16, § 641(e)(8)2001—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “403(b)(8), or 457(e)(16)” for “or 403(b)(8),”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 601(b)(1), substituted “on behalf of any individual in excess of the amount in effect for such taxable year under section 219(b)(1)(A)” for “in excess of $2,000 on behalf of any individual”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 601(b)(3)Subsec. (b). , substituted “the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)” for “$2,000” in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 601(b)(2)Subsec. (b)(2)(B). , substituted “the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)” for “$2,000”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 642(a)Subsec. (d)(3)(A). , inserted “or” at end of cl. (i), added cl. (ii) and concluding provisions, and struck out former cls. (ii) and (iii) which read as follows:

“(ii) no amount in the account and no part of the value of the annuity is attributable to any source other than a rollover contribution (as defined in section 402) from an employee’s trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a) or from an annuity plan described in section 403(a) (and any earnings on such contribution), and the entire amount received (including property and other money) is paid (for the benefit of such individual) into another such trust or annuity plan not later than the 60th day on which the individual receives the payment or the distribution; or

“(iii)(I) the entire amount received (including money and other property) represents the entire interest in the account or the entire value of the annuity,

“(II) no amount in the account and no part of the value of the annuity is attributable to any source other than a rollover contribution from an annuity contract described in section 403(b) and any earnings on such rollover, and

“(III) the entire amount thereof is paid into another annuity contract described in section 403(b) (for the benefit of such individual) not later than the 60th day after he receives the payment or distribution.”

Pub. L. 107–16, § 642(b)(2)Subsec. (d)(3)(D)(i). , substituted “(i) or (ii)” for “(i), (ii), or (iii)”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 642(b)(3)Subsec. (d)(3)(G). , reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (G) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “This paragraph shall not apply to any amount paid or distributed out of a simple retirement account (as defined in subsection (p)) unless—

“(i) it is paid into another simple retirement account, or

“(ii) in the case of any payment or distribution to which section 72(t)(6) does not apply, it is paid into an individual retirement plan.”

Pub. L. 107–16, § 643(c)Subsec. (d)(3)(H). , added subpar. (H).

Pub. L. 107–16, § 644(b)Subsec. (d)(3)(I). , added subpar. (I).

Pub. L. 107–16, § 601(b)(4)Subsec. (j). , struck out “$2,000” before “amounts”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 611(c)(1)Subsec. (k)(3)(C), (6)(D)(ii), (8). , substituted “$200,000” for “$150,000”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 611(f)(1)Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(ii). , substituted “the applicable dollar amount” for “$6,000”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 611(f)(2)September 30, 1996Subsec. (p)(2)(E). , amended heading and text of subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary shall adjust the $6,000 amount under subparagraph (A)(ii) at the same time and in the same manner as under section 415(d), except that the base period taken into account shall be the calendar quarter ending , and any increase under this subparagraph which is not a multiple of $500 shall be rounded to the next lower multiple of $500.”

Pub. L. 107–16, § 611(g)(2)Subsec. (p)(6)(A)(ii). , inserted at end “The preceding sentence shall be applied as if the term ‘trade or business’ for purposes of section 1402 included service described in section 1402(c)(6).”

Pub. L. 107–16, § 601(b)(5)Subsec. (p)(8). , substituted “the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)” for “$2,000”.

Pub. L. 107–16, § 602(a)Subsecs. (q), (r). , added subsec. (q) and redesignated former subsec. (q) as (r).

Pub. L. 106–5542000—Subsec. (d)(5). amended heading generally. Prior to amendment, heading read as follows: “Certain distributions of excess contributions after due date for taxable year”.

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6018(b)(2)1998—Subsec. (d)(7). , inserted “or simple retirement accounts” after “pensions” in heading.

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6018(b)(1)Subsec. (d)(7)(B). , inserted “or 402(k)” after “section 402(h)”.

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6016(a)(1)(C)(i)Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(i)(II). , substituted “the preceding sentence shall not apply” for “the preceding sentence shall apply only in accordance with rules similar to the rules of section 410(b)(6)(C)(i)” in last sentence.

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6016(a)(1)(A)Subsec. (p)(2)(D)(i). , struck out “or (B)” after “(A)” in last sentence.

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6016(a)(1)(C)(ii)Subsec. (p)(2)(D)(iii). , struck out heading and text of cl. (iii). Text read as follows: “In the case of an employer who establishes and maintains a plan under this subsection for 1 or more years and who fails to meet any requirement of this subsection for any subsequent year due to any acquisition, disposition, or similar transaction involving another such employer, rules similar to the rules of section 410(b)(6)(C) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.”

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6015(a)Subsec. (p)(8), (9). , redesignated par. (8), relating to matching contributions on behalf of self-employed individuals not treated as elective employer contributions, as (9).

Pub. L. 105–206, § 6016(a)(1)(B)Subsec. (p)(10). , added par. (10).

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(A)1997—Subsec. (i). , substituted “31 days” for “30 days” in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 105–34, § 302(d), struck out “under regulations” after “may require” in introductory provisions and struck out “in such regulations” after “prescribes” in pars. (1) and (2)(B).

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(B)Subsec. (k)(6)(H). , substituted “of an employer if the terms of simplified employee pensions of such employer” for “if the terms of such pension”.

lPub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(C)(i)Subsec. ()(2)(B). , inserted “and the issuer of an annuity established under such an arrangement” after “under subsection (p)” in introductory provisions and “or issuer” after “trustee” in cl. (i).

Pub. L. 105–34, § 304(a)Subsec. (m)(3). , amended heading and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of an individual retirement account, paragraph (2) shall not apply to—

section 5112(a) of title 31“(A) any gold coin described in paragraph (7), (8), (9), or (10) of ,

section 5112(e) of title 31“(B) any silver coin described in , or

“(C) any coin issued under the laws of any State.”

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(E)Subsec. (p)(2)(D)(i). , inserted at end “If only individuals other than employees described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 410(b)(3) are eligible to participate in such arrangement, then the preceding sentence shall be applied without regard to any qualified plan in which only employees so described are eligible to participate.”

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(F)Subsec. (p)(2)(D)(iii). , added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(G)Subsec. (p)(5). , substituted “simple” for “simplified” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(d)(1)(D)Subsec. (p)(8). , added par. (8) relating to coordination with maximum limitation under subsection (a).

Pub. L. 105–34, § 1501(b), added par. (8) relating to matching contributions on behalf of self-employed individuals not treated as elective employer contributions.

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1421(b)(3)(B)1996—Subsec. (d)(3)(G). , added subpar. (G).

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1427(b)(3)Subsec. (d)(5)(A). , substituted “the dollar amount in effect under section 219(b)(1)(A)” for “$2,250” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1455(b)(1)Subsec. (i). , inserted “aggregating $10 or more in any calendar year” after “distributions” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1421(b)(6), inserted at end “In the case of a simple retirement account under subsection (p), only one report under this subsection shall be required to be submitted each calendar year to the Secretary (at the time provided under paragraph (2)) but, in addition to the report under this subsection, there shall be furnished, within 30 days after each calendar year, to the individual on whose behalf the account is maintained a statement with respect to the account balance as of the close of, and the account activity during, such calendar year.”

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1431(c)(1)(B)Subsec. (k)(2)(C). , substituted “section 414(q)(4)” for “section 414(q)(7)”.

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1421(c)Subsec. (k)(6)(H). , added subpar. (H).

lPub. L. 104–188, § 1421(b)(5)Subsec. (). , designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 104–188, § 1421(a)Subsecs. (p), (q). , added subsec. (p) and redesignated former subsec. (p) as (q).

Pub. L. 103–4651994—Subsec. (k)(8). inserted before period at end “; except that any increase in the $300 amount which is not a multiple of $50 shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50”.

Pub. L. 103–66, § 13212(b)(1)1993—Subsec. (k)(3)(C), (6)(D)(ii). , substituted “$150,000” for “$200,000”.

Pub. L. 103–66, § 13212(b)(2)Subsec. (k)(8). , amended heading and text of par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary shall adjust the $300 amount in paragraph (2)(C) and the $200,000 amount in paragraphs (3)(C) and (6)(D)(ii) at the same time and in the same manner as under section 415(d), except that in the case of years beginning after 1988, the $200,000 amount (as so adjusted) shall not exceed the amount in effect under section 401(a)(17).”

Pub. L. 102–318, § 521(b)(16)1992—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “402(c)” for “402(a)(5), 402(a)(7)”.

Pub. L. 102–318, § 521(b)(17)Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(ii). , amended clause (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, clause (ii) read as follows: “the entire amount received (including money and any other property) represents the entire amount in the account or the entire value of the annuity and no amount in the account and no part of the value of the annuity is attributable to any source other than a rollover contribution of a qualified total distribution (as defined in section 402(a)(5)(E)(i)) from an employee’s trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an annuity plan described in section 403(a) and any earnings on such sums and the entire amount thereof is paid into another such trust (for the benefit of such individual) or annuity plan not later than the 60th day on which he receives the payment or distribution; or”.

Pub. L. 102–318, § 521(b)(18)Subsec. (d)(3)(B). , struck out at end “Clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement account or an individual retirement annuity to which an amount was contributed which was treated as a rollover contribution by section 402(a)(7) (or in the case of an individual retirement annuity, such section as made applicable by section 403(a)(4)(B)).”

Pub. L. 102–318, § 521(b)(19)Subsec. (d)(3)(F). , substituted “402(c)(7)” for “402(a)(6)(H)”.

Pub. L. 101–239, § 7811(m)(7)1989—Subsecs. (a)(6), (b)(3). , struck out “(without regard to subparagraph (C)(ii) thereof)” after “section 401(a)(9)”.

Pub. L. 101–239, § 7841(a)(1)Subsec. (d)(6). , substituted “his spouse or former spouse under a divorce or separation instrument described in subparagraph (A) of section 71(b)(2)” for “his former spouse under a divorce decree or under a written instrument incident to such divorce”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(b)(1)1988—Subsec. (d)(2)(C). , substituted “in which the taxable year begins” for “with or within which the taxable year ends”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(a)(2)(A)Subsec. (d)(3)(A). , struck out at end “Clause (ii) shall not apply during the 5-year period beginning on the date of the qualified total distribution referred to in such clause if the individual was treated as a 5-percent owner with respect to such distribution under section 402(a)(5)(F)(ii).”

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(t)(3)(D)Subsec. (d)(3)(E). , substituted “paragraph” for “subparagraph”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(b)(2)Subsec. (d)(4). , substituted “Contributions” for “Excess contributions” in heading, struck out “to the extent that such contribution exceeds the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219” after “individual retirement annuity” in introductory provisions, and substituted “such contribution” for “such excess contribution” in subpars. (B) and (C) and in last sentence.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(b)(3)ooSubsec. (d)(5). , substituted “shall be computed without regard to section 219(g)” for “(after application of section 408()(2)(B)(ii)) shall be increased by the nondeductible limit under section 408()(2)(B)” in last sentence.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(5)Subsec. (d)(7). , added par. (7).

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(i)(5)Subsec. (k)(3)(B). , amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: “For purposes of subparagraph (A)—

“(i) there shall be excluded from consideration employees described in subparagraph (A) or (C) of section 410(b)(3), and

“(ii) an individual shall be considered a shareholder if he owns (with the application of section 318) more than 10 percent of the value of the stock of the employer.”

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(3)(C)Subsec. (k)(3)(C). , struck out “total” before “compensation”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(1)Subsec. (k)(6)(A). , substituted “Arrangements which qualify” for “In general” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “A simplified employee pension shall not fail to meet the requirements of this subsection for a year merely because, under the terms of the pension—

“(i) an employee may elect to have the employer make payments—

“(I) as elective employer contributions to the simplified employee pension on behalf of the employee, or

“(II) to the employee directly in cash,

“(ii) an election described in clause (i)(I) is made or is in effect with respect to not less than 50 percent of the employees of the employer, and

“(iii) the deferral percentage for such year of each highly compensated employee eligible to participate is not more than the product derived by multiplying the average of the deferral percentages for such year of all employees (other than highly compensated employees) eligible to participate by 1.25.”

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(c)(7)(C)Subsec. (k)(6)(A)(iv). , added cl. (iv).

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(2)Subsec. (k)(6)(B). , inserted “who were eligible to participate (or would have been required to be eligible to participate if a pension was maintained)” after “than 25 employees”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(3)(A)Subsec. (k)(6)(D)(ii). , substituted “(not in excess of the first $200,000)” for “(within the meaning of section 414(s))”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(4)Subsec. (k)(6)(F), (G). , added subpar. (f) and redesignated former subpar. (F) as (G).

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(3)(B)Subsec. (k)(7)(B). , amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: “The term ‘compensation’ means, in the case of an employee within the meaning of section 401(c)(1), earned income within the meaning of section 401(c)(2).”

Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011(f)(3)(D)Subsec. (k)(8). , (10), substituted “paragraphs (3)(C) and (6)(D)(ii)” for “paragraph (3)(C)” and inserted “, except that in the case of years beginning after 1988, the $200,000 amount (as so adjusted) shall not exceed the amount in effect under section 401(a)(17)” after “under section 415(d)”.

Pub. L. 100–647, § 6057(a)section 5112(a) of title 31 section 5112(e) of title 31Subsec. (m)(3). , amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “In the case of an individual retirement account, paragraph (2) shall not apply to any gold coin described in paragraph (7), (8), (9), or (10) of or any silver coin described in .”

oPub. L. 100–647, § 1011(b)(1)Subsec. ()(4)(B)(iv). , substituted “in which the taxable year begins” for “with or within which the taxable year ends”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(1)1986—Subsecs. (a)(6), (b)(3). , substituted “(without regard to subparagraph (C)(ii) thereof) and the incidental death benefit requirements of section 401(a)” for “(relating to required distributions)”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(7)(A)Subsec. (c)(1). , substituted “paragraphs (1) through (6)” for “paragraphs (1) through (7)”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1102(c)Subsec. (d)(1). , amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement account or under an individual retirement annuity shall be included in gross income by the payee or distributee, as the case may be, for the taxable year in which the payment or distribution is received. Notwithstanding any other provision of this title (including chapters 11 and 12), the basis any person in such an account or annuity is zero.”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1102(c)Subsec. (d)(2). , substituted “Special rules for applying section 72” for “Distributions of annuity contracts” in heading and amended par. generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “Paragraph (1) does not apply to any annuity contract which meets the requirements of paragraphs (1), (3), (4), and (5) of subsection (b) and which is distributed from an individual retirement account. Section 72 applies to any such annuity contract, and for purposes of section 72 the investment in such contract is zero.”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1875(c)(8)(C)Subsec. (d)(3)(A). , inserted at end “Clause (ii) shall not apply during the 5-year period beginning on the date of the qualified total distribution referred to in such clause if the individual was treated as a 5-percent owner with respect to such distribution under section 402(a)(5)(F)(ii).”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1875(c)(8)(A)Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(ii). , (B), struck out “(other than a trust forming part of a plan under which the individual was an employee within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) at the time contributions were made on his behalf under the plan)” after “section 501(a)” and struck out “(other than a plan under which the individual was an employee within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) at the time contributions were made on his behalf under the plan)” after “section 403(a)”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1121(c)(2)Pub. L. 99–514, § 1875(c)(8)(A), made amendment identical to , (B), see above.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1852(a)(5)(C)Subsec. (d)(3)(E). , added subpar. (E).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1122(e)(2)(B)Subsec. (d)(3)(F). , added subpar. (F).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1102(b)(2)ooSubsec. (d)(5). , inserted at end “For purposes of this paragraph, the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 (after application of section 408()(2)(B)(ii)) shall be increased by the nondeductible limit under section 408()(2)(B).”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1875(c)(6)(A)Subsec. (d)(5)(A). , substituted “the dollar limitation in effect under section 415(c)(1)(A) for such taxable year” for “$15,000”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1123(d)(2)Subsec. (f). , struck out subsec. (f) which related to additional tax on certain amounts included in gross income before age 59½.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1102(e)(2)Subsec. (i). , amended last sentence generally. Prior to amendment, last sentence read as follows: “The reports required by this subsection shall be filed at such time and in such manner and furnished to such individuals at such time and in such manner as may be required by those regulations.”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(d)Subsec. (k)(2). , amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “This paragraph is satisfied with respect to a simplified employee pension for a calendar year only if for such year the employer contributes to the simplified employee pension of each employee who—

“(A) has attained age 21, and

“(B) has performed service for the employer during at least 3 of the immediately preceding 5 calendar years.

For purposes of this paragraph, there shall be excluded from consideration employees described in subparagraph (A) or (C) of section 410(b)(3).”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1898(a)(5)Subsec. (k)(2)(A). , substituted “age 21” for “age 25”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(g)(4)Subsec. (k)(3)(A). , substituted “year” for “calendar year”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(g)(1)(A), substituted “any highly compensated employee (within the meaning of section 414(q))” for “any employee who is—

“(i) an officer,

“(ii) a shareholder,

“(iii) a self-employed individual, or

“(iv) highly compensated”.

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(g)(1)(B)Subsec. (k)(3)(C). , inserted “and except as provided in subparagraph (D),” and “(other than contributions under an arrangement described in paragraph (6))”, and struck out end sentence which read as follows: “The Secretary shall annually adjust the $200,000 amount contained in the preceding sentence at the same time and in the same manner as he adjusts the dollar amount contained in section 415(c)(1)(A).”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(g)(1)(C)lSubsec. (k)(3)(D), (E). , added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D), treatment of certain contributions and taxes, which read “Except as provided in this subparagraph, employer contributions do not meet the requirements of this paragraph unless such contributions meet the requirements of this paragraph without taking into account contributions or benefits under chapter 2 (relating to tax on self-employment income), chapter 21 (relating to Federal Insurance Contribution Act), title II of the Social Security Act, or any other Federal or State law. If the employer does not maintain an integrated plan at any time during the taxable year, OASDI contributions (as defined in section 401()(2)) may, for purposes of this paragraph, be taken into account as contributions by the employer to the employee’s simplified employee pension, but only if such contributions are so taken into account with respect to each employee maintaining a simplified employee pension.”, and former subpar. (E), integrated plan defined, which read “For purposes of subparagraph (D), the term ‘integrated plan’ means a plan which meets the requirements of section 401(a) or 403(a) but would not meet such requirements if contributions or benefits under chapter 2 (relating to tax on self-employment income), chapter 21 (relating to Federal Insurance Contributions Act), title II of the Social Security Act, or any other Federal or State law were not taken into account.”

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(a)Subsec. (k)(6). , added par. (6).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(f)Subsec. (k)(7)(C). , added subpar. (C).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(e)Subsec. (k)(8). , added par. (8).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1108(g)(6)Subsec. (k)(9). , added par. (9).

Pub. L. 99–514, § 1144(a)Subsec. (m)(3). , added par. (3).

oPub. L. 99–514, § 1102(a)ooSubsecs. (), (p). , added subsec. () and redesignated former subsec. () as (p).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(19)1984—Subsec. (a)(1). , substituted “or 403(b)(8)” for “403(b)(8), 405(d)(3), or 409(b)(3)(C)”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(b)(1)Subsec. (a)(6). , added par. (6) and struck out former par. (6) which provided that the entire interest of an individual for whose benefit the trust is maintained will be distributed to him not later than the close of his taxable year in which he attains age 70½, or will be distributed, commencing before the close of such taxable year, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, over (A) the life of such individual or the lives of such individual and his spouse, or (B) a period not extending beyond the life expectancy of such individual or the life expectancy of such individual and his spouse.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(b)(1)Subsec. (a)(7). , struck out par. (7) which provided that if (A) an individual for whose benefit the trust is maintained dies before his entire interest has been distributed to him, or (B) distribution has been commenced as provided in paragraph (6) to his surviving spouse and such surviving spouse dies before the entire interest has been distributed to such spouse, the entire interest (or the remaining part of such interest if distribution thereof has commenced) will be distributed within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse). The preceding sentence shall not apply if distributions over a term certain commenced before the death of the individual for whose benefit the trust was maintained and the term certain is for a period permitted under paragraph (6).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(b)(2)Subsec. (b)(3). , added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which provided that the entire interest of the owner will be distributed to him not later than the close of his taxable year in which he attains age 70½, or will be distributed, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, over (A) the life of such owner or the lives of such owner and his spouse, or (B) a period not extending beyond the life expectancy of such owner or the life expectancy of such owner and his spouse.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 521(b)(2)Subsec. (b)(4), (5). , redesignated par. (5) as (4) and struck out former par. (4) which provided that if (A) the owner dies before his entire interest has been distributed to him, or (B) distribution has been commenced as provided in paragraph (3) to his surviving spouse and such surviving spouse dies before the entire interest has been distributed to such spouse, the entire interest (or the remaining part of such interest if distribution thereof has commenced) will be distributed within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse). The preceding sentence shall not apply if distributions over a term certain commenced before the death of the owner and the term certain is for a period permitted under paragraph (3).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(20)Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(i). , struck out “or retirement bond” before “for the benefit”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 522(d)(12)Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(ii). , substituted “rollover contribution of a qualified total distribution (as defined in section 402(a)(5)(E)(i)) from an employee’s trust” for “rollover contribution from an employee’s trust”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(21)Subsec. (d)(3)(B). , substituted “or an individual retirement annuity” for “, individual retirement annuity, or a retirement bond”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(g)(2)section 335(a)(1) of Pub. L. 97–248Subsec. (d)(3)(C), (D). , designated the subpar. (C), as added by , relating to permitting partial rollovers, as subpar. (D).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(22)Subsec. (d)(3)(D)(ii). , struck out “bond,” after “annuity,”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(23)Subsec. (d)(6). , substituted “or an individual retirement annuity” for “, individual retirement annuity, or retirement bond”, and “or annuity” for “, annuity, or bond”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(c)(2)(B)Subsec. (h). , substituted “(as defined in subsection (n))” for “(as defined in section 401(d)(1))”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 147(a)Subsec. (i). , inserted “(and the years to which they relate)”.

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(f)(2)Subsec. (k)(1). , amended par. (1) generally, designating existing provisions as subpar. (A) and adding subpar. (B).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(f)(5)(B)Subsec. (k)(3)(C). , inserted provision which required annual adjustment of the $200,000 amount concurrently with the dollar amount adjustment in section 415(c)(1)(A).

Pub. L. 98–369, § 713(j)lSubsec. (k)(3)(D). , substituted in penultimate sentence “OASDI contributions (as defined in section 401()(2)” for “taxes paid under section 3111 (relating to tax on employers) with respect to an employee” and “as contributions by the employer to the employee’s simplified employee pension, but only if such contributions are so taken into account with respect to each employee maintaining a simplified employee pension” for “as a contribution by the employer to an employee’s simplified pension” and struck out third sentence which provided “If contributions are made to the simplified employee pension of an owner-employee, the preceding sentence shall not apply unless taxes paid by all such owner-employees under chapter 2, and the taxes which would be payable under chapter 2 by such owner-employees but for paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 1402(c), are taken into account as contributions by the employer on behalf of such owner-employees.”

Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(24)Subsec. (k)(3)(E). , substituted “or 403(a)” for “, 403(a), or 405(a)”.

Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(d)(1)(B)1983—Subsec. (j). , substituted “$17,000” for “$15,000” in provisions preceding par. (1).

Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(d)(1)(A)Subsec. (k)(3)(C)(ii). , inserted “(other than an employee within the meaning of section 401(c)(1))” after “a simplified employee pension on behalf of each employee”.

Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(e)(1)Pub. L. 97–34, § 314(b)(1)Subsecs. (m), (n). , amended directory language of , thereby correcting subsec. designations. See 1981 Amendment note below for subsecs. (m) and (n).

Pub. L. 97–248, § 237(e)(3)(A)1982—Subsec. (a)(2). , substituted reference to subsection (n) of this section, for reference to section 401(d)(1).

Pub. L. 97–248, § 243(a)(1)Subsec. (a)(7). , amended par. (7) generally, designating existing provisions as subpars. (A) and (B), in subpar. (B), as so designated, striking out “if” before “distribution”, in provisions following subpar. (B) substituting “will be distributed within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse)” for “will, within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse), be distributed, or applied to the purchase of an immediate annuity for his beneficiary or beneficiaries (or the beneficiary or beneficiaries of his surviving spouse) which will be payable for the life of such beneficiary or beneficiaries (or for a term certain not extending beyond the life expectancy of such beneficiary or beneficiaries) and which annuity will be immediately distributed to such beneficiary or beneficiaries”, and substituting “shall not apply” for “does not apply”.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 243(a)(2)Subsec. (b)(4). , amended par. (4) generally, designating existing provisions, as subpars. (A) and (B), in subpar. (B), as so redesignated, striking out “if” before “distribution”, in provisions following subpar. (B) substituting “will be distributed within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse)” for “will, within 5 years after his death (or the death of the surviving spouse), be distributed, or applied to the purchase of an immediate annuity for his beneficiary or beneficiaries (or the beneficiary or beneficiaries of his surviving spouse) which will be payable for the life of such beneficiary or beneficiaries (or for a term certain not extending beyond the life expectancy of such beneficiary or beneficiaries) and which annuity will be immediately distributed to such beneficiary or beneficiaries”, and substituting “shall not apply” for “shall have no application”.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 243(b)(1)(A)Subsec. (d)(3)(C). , added subpar. (C) relating to denial of rollover treatment for inherited accounts.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 335(a)(1), added subpar. (C) relating to permitting partial rollovers.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 238(d)(3)Subsec. (j). , amended subsec. (j) generally, substituting provisions increasing amount by the amount of the limitation in effect under section 415(c)(1)(A), for provisions increasing amount by substituting “$15,000” for “$2,000”.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 238(d)(4)(B)Subsec. (k)(1). , struck out reference to par. (6) of this subsection.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 238(d)(4)(C)Subsec. (k)(3)(C). , amended subpar. (C) generally, striking out cl. “(i)” designation and cl. (ii) which related to taking into account compensation in excess of $100,000 with respect to a simplified employee pension.

Pub. L. 97–248, § 238(d)(4)(A)Subsec. (k)(6). , struck out par. (6) which related to prohibition on employer maintaining plan to which section 401(j) applies.

oPub. L. 97–248, § 237(e)(3)(B)oSubsecs. (n), (). , added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as ().

Pub. L. 97–34, § 313(b)(2)1981—Subsec. (a)(1). , inserted reference to section 405(d)(3).

Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(g)(1)(A), substituted “$2,000” for “$1,500”.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(g)(1)(B)Subsec. (b). , substituted in par. (2)(B) and provision following par. (5) “$2,000” for “$1,500”.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(h)(2)Subsec. (d)(4). , substituted section “219” for “219 or 220” in provision preceding subpar. (A) and in subpar. (B).

Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(c)(5)Subsec. (d)(5)(A). , substituted “$15,000” for “$7,500”.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(g)(2), (h)(2), substituted “$2,250” for “$1,750” and “219” for “219 or 220” in two places.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(c)(5)Subsec. (j). , substituted “$15,000” for “$7,500”.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 311(g)(1)(C), substituted “$2,000” for “$1,500”.

Pub. L. 97–34, § 312(b)(2)Subsec. (k)(3)(C). , designated provision relating to compensation bearing a uniform relationship to total compensation as cl. (i), and in cl. (i) as so designated, substituted “$200,000” for “$100,000”, and added cl. (ii).

Pub. L. 97–34, § 314(b)(1)Pub. L. 97–448, § 103(e)(1)Subsecs. (m), (n). , as amended by , added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).

Pub. L. 96–222, § 101(a)(14)(B)1980—Subsec. (a)(1). , inserted reference to section 402(a)(7).

Pub. L. 96–222, § 101(a)(10)(C)Subsec. (d)(5). , (14)(E)(ii), in subpar. (A) inserted provisions requiring that if employer contributions on behalf of the individual are paid for the taxable year to a simplified employee pension, the dollar amount of the preceding sentence be increased by the lessor of the amount of such contributions or $7,500 and restructured subpar. (B).

Pub. L. 96–222, § 101(a)(10)(J)(i)Subsec. (j)(3). , struck out par. (3) which made reference to paragraph (5) of subsection (b).

Pub. L. 96–222, § 101(a)(10)(A)Subsec. (k). , (F), (G), substituted in par. (1) “(5), and (6)” for “and (5)” and in par. (3)(D) “If the employer does not maintain an integrated plan at any time during the taxable year, taxes paid” for “Taxes paid”, inserted in par. (2) provisions requiring that for purposes of this paragraph there be excluded from consideration employees described in subparagraph (A) or (C) of section 410(b)(2) and pars. (3)(E) and (6), and redesignated former par. (6) as (7).

Pub. L. 96–605, § 225(b)(3)Subsec. (k)(2), (3)(B)(i). , (4), substituted “section 410(b)(3)” for “section 410(b)(2)”.

Pub. L. 95–600, § 156(c)(3)1978—Subsec. (a)(1). , inserted reference to section 403(b)(8).

Pub. L. 95–600, § 157(d)(1)Subsec. (b)(2). , (e)(1)(A), designated existing provisions as subpars. (B) and (C) and added subpar. (A), and in subpar. (B) as so designated, inserted “on behalf of any individual” after “annual premium”, respectively.

Pub. L. 95–600, § 156(c)(1)Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(iii). , added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 95–600, § 157(g)(3)Subsec. (d)(3)(B). , (h)(2), inserted provision relating to the applicability of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) to any amount paid or distributed out of an individual retirement account or annuity to which an amount was contributed which was treated as a rollover contribution by section 402(a)(7) and substituted “1-year period” for “3-year period”.

Pub. L. 95–600, § 703(c)(4)Pub. L. 94–455, § 1501(b)(5)Subsec. (d)(4). , amended . See 1976 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 95–600, § 157(c)(1)Subsec. (d)(5), (6). , added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).

Pub. L. 95–600, § 152(a)lSubsecs. (j) to (m). , added subsecs. (j) to () and redesignated former subsec. (j) as (m).

Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A)1976—Subsecs. (a)(2), (6), (b). , struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Pub. L. 94–455, § 1501(b)(2)Subsec. (c)(2). , substituted “member (or spouse of an employee or member)” for “member”.

Pub. L. 94–455, § 1501(b)(10)Subsec. (d)(1). , substituted “Notwithstanding any other provision of this title (including chapters 11 and 12), the basis” for “The basis”.

Pub. L. 94–455, § 1501(b)(5)Pub. L. 95–600, § 703(c)(4)Subsec. (d)(4). , as amended by , inserted reference to section 220 and substituted “In the case of such a distribution, for purposes of section 61, any net income described in subparagraph (C) shall be deemed to have been earned and receivable in the taxable year in which such excess contribution is made” for “Any net income described in subparagraph (C) shall be included in the gross income of the individual for the taxable year in which received”.

Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A)Subsecs. (h), (i). , struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

section 107(d) of Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2022section 107(e) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions required to be made after , with respect to individuals who attain age 72 after such date, see , set out as a note under .

section 110(d) of Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2023section 110(h) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to contributions made for plan years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2023section 116(c) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 401 of this titleAmendment by section 116(a), (b)(1) of applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2023section 117(h) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 401 of this titleAmendment by section 117(a), (c)–(f) of applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 307(c)Dec. 29, 2022136 Stat. 5345

Dec. 29, 2022“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [].”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 322(b)Dec. 29, 2022136 Stat. 5356

“(1)

In general .—

Dec. 29, 2022The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [].

“(2)

No inference .—

Nothing in the amendments made by this section shall be construed to infer the proper treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 of individual retirement plans as 1 contract in the case of any other provision of such Code to which the amendments made by this section do not apply.”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2023section 332(c) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 72 of this titleAmendment by section 332(a), (b)(2) of applicable to plan years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 401(b)(4) of Pub. L. 117–328 Pub. L. 116–94 section 401(c) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 72 of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the section of div. O of to which the amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 117–328Dec. 31, 2022section 601(e) of Pub. L. 117–328 section 402 of this titleAmendment by section 601(b)(3), (c)(1) of applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title I, § 101(e)Dec. 20, 2019133 Stat. 3145

“(1)

In general .—

section 413 of this titleDecember 31, 2020The amendments made by this section [amending this section, , and sections 1002, 1023, 1024, and 1112 of Title 29, Labor] shall apply to plan years beginning after .

“(2)

Rule of construction .—

section 413 of this titleNothing in the amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and ] shall be construed as limiting the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary’s delegate (determined without regard to such amendment) to provide for the proper treatment of a failure to meet any requirement applicable under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to one employer (and its employees) in a multiple employer plan.”

, , , provided that:

section 107(b) of Pub. L. 116–94Dec. 31, 2019section 107(d)(2) of Pub. L. 116–94 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions made for taxable years beginning after , see , set out in a note under .

section 114(c) of Pub. L. 116–94Dec. 31, 2019section 114(d) of Pub. L. 116–94 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions required to be made after , with respect to individuals who attain age 70½ after such date, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title I, § 116(a)(2)Dec. 20, 2019133 Stat. 3161

Dec. 20, 2019“The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to contributions after the date of the enactment of this Act [].”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–97 section 71(b)(2) of this titleDec. 22, 2017Dec. 31, 2018Dec. 31, 2018Dec. 31, 2018section 11051 of Pub. L. 115–97 section 11051(c) of Pub. L. 115–97 section 61 of this titleAmendment by applicable to any divorce or separation instrument (as defined in former as in effect before ) executed after , and to such instruments executed on or before , and modified after , if the modification expressly provides that the amendment made by applies to such modification, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, § 112(b)Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 3047

December 31, 2014“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, § 306(b)Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 3089

Dec. 18, 2015“The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to contributions made after the date of the enactment of this Act [].”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2014 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, § 108(b)Dec. 19, 2014128 Stat. 4014

December 31, 2013“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

section 221(a)(53) of Pub. L. 113–295Dec. 19, 2014section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295 section 1 of this titleAmendment by effective , subject to a savings provision, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2013 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–240, title II, § 208(b)Jan. 2, 2013126 Stat. 2324

“(1)

Effective date .—

December 31, 2011The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .

“(2)

Special rules .—

For purposes of subsections (a)(6), (b)(3), and (d)(8) of section 408 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, at the election of the taxpayer (at such time and in such manner as prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury)—

“(A)

December 31, 2012February 1, 2013December 31, 2012 any qualified charitable distribution made after , and before , shall be deemed to have been made on , and

“(B)

November 30, 2012January 1, 2013 any portion of a distribution from an individual retirement account to the taxpayer after , and before , may be treated as a qualified charitable distribution to the extent that—

“(i)

February 1, 2013 such portion is transferred in cash after the distribution to an organization described in section 408(d)(8)(B)(i) before , and

“(ii)

such portion is part of a distribution that would meet the requirements of section 408(d)(8) but for the fact that the distribution was not transferred directly to an organization described in section 408(d)(8)(B)(i).”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, § 725(b)Dec. 17, 2010124 Stat. 3316

“(1)

Effective date .—

December 31, 2009The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .

“(2)

Special rule .—

December 31, 2010February 1, 2011December 31, 2010For purposes of subsections (a)(6), (b)(3), and (d)(8) of section 408 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, at the election of the taxpayer (at such time and in such manner as prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury) any qualified charitable distribution made after , and before , shall be deemed to have been made on .”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, § 205(b)Oct. 3, 2008122 Stat. 3865

December 31, 2007“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2007 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–172 Pub. L. 109–280 section 3(j) of Pub. L. 110–172 section 170 of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the provisions of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–432Dec. 31, 2006section 307(c) of Pub. L. 109–432 section 223 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, § 1201(c)(1)Aug. 17, 2006120 Stat. 1066

December 31, 2005“The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

section 404(d) of Pub. L. 108–311 Pub. L. 107–16 section 404(f) of Pub. L. 108–311 section 45A of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the provisions of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–147 Pub. L. 107–16 section 411(x) of Pub. L. 107–147 section 25B of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the provisions of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 2001 Amendment

section 601(b) of Pub. L. 107–16Dec. 31, 2001section 601(c) of Pub. L. 107–16 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, § 602(c)June 7, 2001115 Stat. 96

section 1003 of Title 29December 31, 2002“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and , Labor] shall apply to plan years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 107–16Dec. 31, 2001section 611(i)(1) of Pub. L. 107–16 section 415 of this titleAmendment by section 611(c)(1), (f)(1), (2), (g)(2) of applicable to years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 641(e)(8) of Pub. L. 107–16Dec. 31, 2001section 641(f)(1) of Pub. L. 107–16 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, § 642(c)June 7, 2001115 Stat. 122

“(1)

Effective date .—

section 403 of this titleDecember 31, 2001The amendments made by this section [amending this section and ] shall apply to distributions after .

“(2)

Special rule .—

Pub. L. 99–514 section 402 of this titleNotwithstanding any other provision of law, subsections (h)(3) and (h)(5) of section 1122 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [, set out as a note under ] shall not apply to any distribution from an eligible retirement plan (as defined in clause (iii) or (iv) of section 402(c)(8)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) on behalf of an individual if there was a rollover to such plan on behalf of such individual which is permitted solely by reason of the amendments made by this section.”

, , , provided that:

section 643(c) of Pub. L. 107–16Dec. 31, 2001section 643(d) of Pub. L. 107–16 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions made after , see , set out as a note under .

section 644(b) of Pub. L. 107–16Dec. 31, 2001section 644(c) of Pub. L. 107–16 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

section 6018(b) of Pub. L. 105–206 Pub. L. 104–188 section 6018(h) of Pub. L. 105–206 section 23 of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 105–206 Pub. L. 105–34 section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206 section 1 of this titleAmendment by sections 6015(a) and 6016(a)(1) of effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

section 302(d) of Pub. L. 105–34Dec. 31, 1997section 302(f) of Pub. L. 105–34 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 304(b)Aug. 5, 1997111 Stat. 831

December 31, 1997“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 105–34, title XV, § 1501(c)(2)Aug. 5, 1997111 Stat. 1058

December 31, 1996“The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 105–34 Pub. L. 104–188 section 1601(j) of Pub. L. 105–34 section 23 of this titleAmendment by section 1601(d)(1)(A)–(C)(i), (D)–(G) of effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, , to which it relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–188Dec. 31, 1996section 1421(e) of Pub. L. 104–188 section 72 of this titleAmendment by section 1421(a), (b)(3)(B), (5), (6), (c) of applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 1427(b)(3) of Pub. L. 104–188Dec. 31, 1996section 1427(c) of Pub. L. 104–188 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 1431(c)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 104–188Dec. 31, 1996section 1431(d)(1) of Pub. L. 104–188 section 414 of this titleAmendment by applicable to years beginning after , except that in determining whether an employee is a highly compensated employee for years beginning in 1997, such amendment to be treated as having been in effect for years beginning in 1996, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1455(e)Aug. 20, 1996110 Stat. 1818

December 31, 1996“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 6047, 6652, 6693, and 6724 of this title] shall apply to returns, reports, and other statements the due date for which (determined without regard to extensions) is after .”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–465Dec. 31, 1994section 732(e) of Pub. L. 103–465 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to years beginning after , and, to the extent of providing for the rounding of indexed amounts, not applicable to any year to the extent the rounding would require the indexed amount to be reduced below the amount in effect for years beginning in 1994, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–66Dec. 31, 1993section 13212(d) of Pub. L. 103–66 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable, except as otherwise provided, to benefits accruing in plan years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–318Dec. 31, 1992section 521(e) of Pub. L. 102–318 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

section 7811(m)(7) of Pub. L. 101–239 Pub. L. 100–647 section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239 section 1 of this titleAmendment by effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7841(a)(3)Dec. 19, 1989103 Stat. 2428

section 414 of this titleDec. 19, 1989“The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and ] shall apply to transfers after the date of the enactment of this Act [] in taxable years ending after such date.”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

section 1011(c)(7)(C) of Pub. L. 100–647Dec. 31, 1987section 1105(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 1011(c)(7)(E) of Pub. L. 100–647 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to plan years beginning after , with exception in case of a plan described in , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1011A(a)(2)(B)Nov. 10, 1988102 Stat. 3472

December 31, 1986“The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply to rollover contributions made in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 100–647 Pub. L. 99–514 section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647 section 1 of this titleAmendment by sections 1011(b)(1)–(3), (f)(1)–(5), (10), (i)(5) and 1018(t)(3)(D) of effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6057(b)Nov. 10, 1988102 Stat. 3698

Nov. 10, 1988“The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to acquisitions after the date of the enactment of this Act [].”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986section 1102(g) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 219 of this titleAmendment by section 1102(a), (b)(2), (c), (e)(2) of applicable to contributions and distributions for taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986section 1108 of Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986Jan. 1, 1989section 1108 of Pub. L. 99–514 section 1108(h) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 219 of this titleAmendment by section 1108(a), (d)–(g)(1), (4), (6) of applicable to years beginning after , except that section 408(k)(3)(D) and (E) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (as in effect before the amendments made by ) shall continue to apply for years beginning after , and before , except that employer contributions under an arrangement under section 408(k)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by ) may not be integrated under section 408(k)(3)(D) and (E) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, see , as amended, set out as a note under .

section 1121(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986Mar. 1, 1986section 1121(d) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to years beginning after , with special provisions for plans maintained pursuant to collective bargaining agreements ratified before , and transition rules, see , set out as a note under .

section 1122(e)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986section 1122(h) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable, except as otherwise provided, to amounts distributed after , in taxable years ending after such date, see , set out as a note under .

section 1123(d)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514Dec. 31, 1986section 1123(e) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 72 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , except as otherwise provided, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1144(b)Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2490

December 31, 1986“The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to acquisitions after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 99–514 Pub. L. 98–369, div. A section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514 section 48 of this titleAmendment by sections 1852(a)(1), (5)(C), (7)(A) and 1875(c)(8) of effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

section 1875(c)(6)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 238 of Pub. L. 97–248 section 1875(c)(12) of Pub. L. 99–514 section 62 of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the amendments made by , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1898(a)(5)Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2944Oct. 22, 1986, , , provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to plan years beginning after .

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

section 147(a) of Pub. L. 98–369Dec. 31, 1984section 147(d)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to contributions made after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 98–369Dec. 31, 1983section 491(f)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 section 62 of this titleAmendment by section 491(d)(19)–(24) of applicable to obligations issued after , see , set out as a note under .

section 521(b) of Pub. L. 98–369Dec. 31, 1984section 521(e) of Pub. L. 98–369 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable to years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 522(d)(12) of Pub. L. 98–369July 18, 1984section 522(e) of Pub. L. 98–369 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to distributions made after , in taxable years ending after that date, see , set out as a note under .

section 713 of Pub. L. 98–369 Pub. L. 97–248 section 715 of Pub. L. 98–369 section 31 of this titleAmendment by effective as if included in the provision of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–448 Pub. L. 97–34 section 109 of Pub. L. 97–448 section 1 of this titleAmendment by effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–248Dec. 31, 1983section 241 of Pub. L. 97–248 section 416 of this titleAmendment by sections 237 and 238 of applicable to years beginning after , see , set out as an Effective Date note under .

Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 243(c)Sept. 3, 198296 Stat. 523 Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, § 713(g)(1)July 18, 198498 Stat. 960

December 31, 1983“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 219 and 409 of this title] shall apply with respect to individuals dying after .”

, , , as amended by , , , provided that:

Pub. L. 97–248, title III, § 335(b)Sept. 3, 198296 Stat. 628

section 409 of this titleDecember 31, 1982“The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and ] shall apply to distributions made after , in taxable years ending after such date.”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–34Dec. 31, 1981section 311(i) of Pub. L. 97–34 section 219 of this titleAmendment by section 311(g)(1)(A)–(C), (2), (h)(2) of applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 97–34Dec. 31, 1981section 312(f) of Pub. L. 97–34 section 72 of this titleAmendment by section 312(b)(2), (c)(5) of applicable to plans which include employees within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) with respect to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

section 313(b)(2) of Pub. L. 97–34Aug. 13, 1981section 313(c) of Pub. L. 97–34 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to redemptions after , in taxable years ending after such date, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 97–34, title III, § 314(b)(2)Aug. 13, 198195 Stat. 286

December 31, 1981“The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to property acquired after , in taxable years ending after such date.”

, , , provided that:

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Pub. L. 96–605Dec. 31, 1980section 225(c) of Pub. L. 96–605 section 401 of this titleAmendment by applicable with respect to plan years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 96–222 Pub. L. 95–600 section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222 section 32 of this titleAmendment by effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, , to which such amendment relates, see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 152(h)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2800

December 31, 1978“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 219, 401, 404, 414, and 415 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 95–600Dec. 31, 1977section 156(d) of Pub. L. 95–600 section 403 of this titleAmendment by section 156(c)(1), (3) of applicable to distributions or transfers made after , in taxable years beginning after such date, see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(c)(2)(A)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2805

December 31, 1975“The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to distributions in taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(d)(2)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2806

Nov. 6, 1978“The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to contracts issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [].”

, , , provided that:

section 157(h)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600Dec. 31, 1977section 157(h)(3)(A) of Pub. L. 95–600 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to payments made in taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(e)(2)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2806

section 409 of this titleDecember 31, 1976“The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section and ] shall apply to taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

section 157(g)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600Dec. 31, 1978section 157(g)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600 section 402 of this titleAmendment by applicable to lump-sum distributions completed after , in taxable years ending after such date, see , set out as a note under .

section 703(c)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600Dec. 31, 1976section 703(c)(5) of Pub. L. 95–600 section 219 of this titleAmendment by applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–455Dec. 31, 1976section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 94–455 section 62 of this titleAmendment by section 1501(b)(2), (5), (10) of effective for taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Effective Date

Dec. 31, 1974section 2002(i)(1) of Pub. L. 93–406 section 219 of this titleSection applicable to taxable years beginning after , see , set out as a note under .

Treasury Guidance on Rollovers

Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 324Dec. 29, 2022136 Stat. 5358

“(a)

In General .—

January 1, 2025Not later than , the Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary’s delegate shall, to simplify, standardize, facilitate, and expedite the completion of rollovers to eligible retirement plans (as defined in section 402(c)(8)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) and trustee-to-trustee transfers from individual retirement plans (as defined in section 7701(a)(37) of such Code), develop and issue—

“(1)

guidance in the form of sample forms (including relevant procedures and protocols) for rollovers of eligible rollover distributions from a retirement to an eligible retirement plan which—

“(A)

are written in a manner calculated to be understood by the average person, and

“(B)

can be used by both distributing eligible retirement plans and receiving retirement plans, and

“(2)

guidance in the form of sample forms (including relevant procedures and protocols) for trustee-to-trustee transfers of amounts from an individual retirement plan to another individual retirement plan which—

“(A)

are written in a manner calculated to be understood by the average person, and

“(B)

can be used by both transferring individual retirement plans and individual retirement plans receiving the transfer.

“(b)

Other Requirements .—

Pub. L. 117–328 136 Stat. 5353In developing the sample forms under subsection (a), the Secretary (or Secretary’s delegate) shall obtain relevant information from participants and plan sponsor representatives and consider potential coordination with sections 319 and 336 of this Act [div. T of ; , 5373].”

, , , provided that:

Rollover of Amounts Received in Airline Carrier Bankruptcy

Pub. L. 112–95, title XI, § 1106Feb. 14, 2012126 Stat. 152 Pub. L. 113–243, § 1Dec. 18, 2014128 Stat. 2863 Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, § 307(a)Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 3089

“(a)

General Rules.—

“(1)

Rollover of airline payment amount .—

Feb. 14, 2012If a qualified airline employee receives any airline payment amount and transfers any portion of such amount to a traditional IRA within 180 days of receipt of such amount (or, if later, within 180 days of the date of the enactment of this Act []), then such amount (to the extent so transferred) shall be treated as a rollover contribution described in section 402(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. A qualified airline employee making such a transfer may exclude from gross income the amount transferred, in the taxable year in which the airline payment amount was paid to the qualified airline employee by the commercial passenger airline carrier.

“(2)

Transfer of amounts attributable to airline payment amount following rollover to roth ira .—

Pub. L. 110–458 26 U.S.C. 408AA qualified airline employee who has contributed an airline payment amount to a Roth IRA that is treated as a qualified rollover contribution pursuant to section 125 of the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008 [, note], may transfer to a traditional IRA, in a trustee-to-trustee transfer, all or any part of the contribution (together with any net income allocable to such contribution), and the transfer to the traditional IRA will be deemed to have been made at the time of the rollover to the Roth IRA, if such transfer is made within 180 days of the date of the enactment of this Act. A qualified airline employee making such a transfer may exclude from gross income the airline payment amount previously rolled over to the Roth IRA, to the extent an amount attributable to the previous rollover was transferred to a traditional IRA, in the taxable year in which the airline payment amount was paid to the qualified airline employee by the commercial passenger airline carrier. No amount so transferred to a traditional IRA may be treated as a qualified rollover contribution with respect to a Roth IRA within the 5-taxable year period beginning with the taxable year in which such transfer was made.

“(3)

Extension of time to file claim for refund .—

April 15, 2015A qualified airline employee who excludes an amount from gross income in a prior taxable year under paragraph (1) or (2) may reflect such exclusion in a claim for refund filed within the period of limitation under section 6511(a) of such Code (or, if later, ).

“(4)

Overall limitation on amounts transferred to traditional iras.—

“(A)

In general .—

The aggregate amount of airline payment amounts which may be transferred to 1 or more traditional IRAs under paragraphs (1) and (2) with respect to any qualified employee for any taxable year shall not exceed the excess (if any) of—

“(i)

90 percent of the aggregate airline payment amounts received by the qualified airline employee during the taxable year and all preceding taxable years, over

“(ii)

the aggregate amount of such transfers to which paragraphs (1) and (2) applied for all preceding taxable years.

“(B)

Special rules .—

For purposes of applying the limitation under subparagraph (A)—

“(i)

any airline payment amount received by the surviving spouse of any qualified employee, and any amount transferred to a traditional IRA by such spouse under subsection (d), shall be treated as an amount received or transferred by the qualified employee, and

“(ii)

any amount transferred to a traditional IRA which is attributable to net income described in paragraph (2) shall not be taken into account.

“(5)

Covered executives not eligible to make transfers .—

Paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to any transfer by a qualified airline employee (or any transfer authorized under subsection (d) by a surviving spouse of the qualified airline employee) if at any time during the taxable year of the transfer or any preceding taxable year the qualified airline employee held a position described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 162(m)(3) [probably means section 162(m)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986] with the commercial passenger airline carrier from whom the airline payment amount was received.

“(6)

Special rule for certain airline payment amounts .—

section 1(b) of Public Law 113–243 26 U.S.C. 408December 18, 2014Dec. 18, 2015Feb. 14, 2012In the case of any amount which became an airline payment amount by reason of the amendments made by ( note), paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting ‘(or, if later, within the period beginning on , and ending on the date which is 180 days after the date of enactment of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 [])’ for ‘(or, if later, within 180 days of the date of the enactment of this Act [])’.

“(b)

Treatment of Airline Payment Amounts and Transfers for Employment Taxes .—

42 U.S.C. 409For purposes of chapter 21 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and section 209 of the Social Security Act [], an airline payment amount shall not fail to be treated as a payment of wages by the commercial passenger airline carrier to the qualified airline employee in the taxable year of payment because such amount is excluded from the qualified airline employee’s gross income under subsection (a).

“(c)

Definitions and Special Rules .—

For purposes of this section—

“(1)

Airline payment amount.—

“(A)

In general .—

The term ‘airline payment amount’ means any payment of any money or other property which is payable by a commercial passenger airline carrier to a qualified airline employee—

“(i)

September 11, 2001January 1, 2007November 29, 2011 under the approval of an order of a Federal bankruptcy court in a case filed after , and before , or filed on , and

“(ii)

in respect of the qualified airline employee’s interest in a bankruptcy claim against the carrier, any note of the carrier (or amount paid in lieu of a note being issued), or any other fixed obligation of the carrier to pay a lump sum amount.

The amount of such payment shall be determined without regard to any requirement to deduct and withhold tax from such payment under sections 3102(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and 3402(a) of such Code.

“(B)

Exception .—

An airline payment amount shall not include any amount payable on the basis of the carrier’s future earnings or profits.

“(2)

Qualified airline employee .—

The term ‘qualified airline employee’ means an employee or former employee of a commercial passenger airline carrier who was a participant in a defined benefit plan maintained by the carrier which—

“(A)

is a plan described in section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which includes a trust exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code, and

“(B)

Pub. L. 109–280 26 U.S.C. 430November 1, 2012 was terminated, became subject to the restrictions contained in paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 402(b) of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 [, note], or was frozen effective .

“(3)

Traditional ira .—

The term ‘traditional IRA’ means an individual retirement plan (as defined in section 7701(a)(37) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) which is not a Roth IRA.

“(4)

Roth ira .—

The term ‘Roth IRA’ has the meaning given such term by section 408A(b) of such Code.

“(d)

Surviving Spouse .—

Pub. L. 110–458 26 U.S.C. 408AIf a qualified airline employee died after receiving an airline payment amount, or if an airline payment amount was paid to the surviving spouse of a qualified airline employee in respect of the qualified airline employee, the surviving spouse of the qualified airline employee may take all actions permitted under section 125 of the Worker, Retiree and Employer Recovery Act of 2008 [, note], or under this section, to the same extent that the qualified airline employee could have done had the qualified airline employee survived.

“(e)

Effective Date .—

Feb. 14, 2012This section shall apply to transfers made after the date of the enactment of this Act [] with respect to airline payment amounts paid before, on, or after such date.”

, , , as amended by , , ; , , , provided that:

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, § 307(b)Dec. 18, 2015129 Stat. 3089

section 1106 of Pub. L. 112–95 Public Law 113–243 26 U.S.C. 408“The amendment made by this section [amending , set out above] shall take effect as if included in ( note).”

[, , , provided that: ]

Direct Payment of Tax Refunds to Individual Retirement Plans

Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 830Aug. 17, 2006120 Stat. 1002

“(a)

In General .—

The Secretary of the Treasury (or the Secretary’s delegate) shall make available a form (or modify existing forms) for use by individuals to direct that a portion of any refund of overpayment of tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 be paid directly to an individual retirement plan (as defined in section 7701(a)(37) of such Code) of such individual.

“(b)

Effective Date .—

December 31, 2006The form required by subsection (a) shall be made available for taxable years beginning after .”

, , , provided that:

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1998

Pub. L. 104–188Jan. 1, 1998section 1465 of Pub. L. 104–188 section 401 of this titleFor provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle D [§§ 1401–1465] of title I of require an amendment to any plan or annuity contract, such amendment shall not be required to be made before the first day of the first plan year beginning on or after , see , set out as a note under .

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1994

Pub. L. 102–318Jan. 1, 1994section 523 of Pub. L. 102–318 section 401 of this titleFor provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle B [§§ 521–523] of title V of require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after , see , set out as a note under .

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1989

Pub. L. 99–514Jan. 1, 1989section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514 section 401 of this titleFor provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§ 1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§ 1800–1899A] of require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after , see , as amended, set out as a note under .

January 1, 1978Transitional Rule for Contributions for Taxable Years Beginning Before

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(c)(2)(B)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2805 Pub. L. 99–514, § 2Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2095

January 1, 1978“In the case of contributions for taxable years beginning before , paragraph (5) of section 408(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] shall be applied as if such paragraph did not contain any dollar limitation.”

, , , as amended by , , , provided that:

Nov. 6, 1978Exchange of Fixed Premium Annuity or Endowment Contract Issued On or Before , for Individual Retirement Annuity

Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(d)(3)Nov. 6, 197892 Stat. 2806 Pub. L. 99–514, § 2Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2095

Nov. 6, 1978January 1, 1981“In the case of any annuity or endowment contract issued on or before the date of the enactment of this Act [] which would be an individual retirement annuity within the meaning of section 408(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as amended by paragraph (1) [amending subsec. (b)(2) of this section]) but for the fact that the premiums under the contract are fixed, at the election of the taxpayer an exchange before , of that contract for an individual retirement annuity within the meaning of such section 408(b) (as amended by paragraph (1)) shall be treated as a nontaxable exchange which does not constitute a distribution.”

, , , as amended by , , , provided that:

Individual retirement account

Individual retirement annuity

Accounts established by employers and certain associations of employees

Tax treatment of distributions

In general

Special rules for applying section 72

Rollover contribution

In general

Limitation

Denial of rollover treatment for inherited accounts, etc.

In general

Inherited individual retirement account or annuity

Partial rollovers permitted

In general

Eligible plan

Denial of rollover treatment for required distributions

Frozen deposits

Simple retirement accounts

Application of section 72

In general

Applicable rules

Waiver of 60-day requirement

Contributions returned before due date of return

Distributions of excess contributions after due date for taxable year and certain excess rollover contributions

In general

Excess rollover contributions attributable to erroneous information

Transfer of account incident to divorce

Special rules for simplified employee pensions or simple retirement accounts

Transfer or rollover of contributions prohibited until deferral test met

Certain exclusions treated as deductions

Distributions for charitable purposes

In general

Qualified charitable distribution

Contributions must be otherwise deductible

Application of section 72

Denial of deduction

One-time election for qualified charitable distribution to split-interest entity

In general

Split-interest entity

Contributions must be otherwise deductible

Limitation on income interests

Special rules

Charitable remainder trusts

Charitable gift annuities

Inflation adjustment

In general

Rounding

Distribution for health savings account funding

In general

Qualified HSA funding distribution

Limitations

Maximum dollar limitation

One-time transfer

In general

Conversion from self-only to family coverage

Failure to maintain high deductible health plan coverage

In general

Exception for disability or death

Testing period

Application of section 72

Tax treatment of accounts and annuities

Exemption from tax

Loss of exemption of account where employee engages in prohibited transaction

In general

Account treated as distributing all its assets

Effect of borrowing on annuity contract

Effect of pledging account as security

Purchase of endowment contract by individual retirement account

Commingling individual retirement account amounts in certain common trust funds and common investment funds

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1123(d)(2)Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2475 Repealed. , , ]

Community property laws

Custodial accounts

Reports

Increase in maximum limitations for simplified employee pensions

Simplified employee pension defined

In general

Participation requirements

Contributions may not discriminate in favor of the highly compensated, etc.

In general

Special rules

Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, § 1123(d)(2)Oct. 22, 1986100 Stat. 2475 Repealed. , , ]