The Supreme Court of the United States shall consist of a Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom shall constitute a quorum.
June 25, 1948, ch. 646 62 Stat. 869 (, .)
Historical and Revision Notes
Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 215 36 Stat. 1152 Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 321 (, ).
Appointment of “judges of the Supreme Court” by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate is provided by U.S. Constitution art. 2, § 2, cl. 2.
section 330 of Title 11section 330 of Title 11section 152 of this title“This Act [amending sections 589a and 1930 of this title and , Bankruptcy, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 589a and 1930 of this title and , and amending provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Bankruptcy Administration Improvement Act of 2025’.”
section 81 of this title“This Act [amending provisions set out as a note preceding ] may be cited as the ‘Pro bono Work to Empower and Represent Act of 2021’ or the ‘POWER 2.0 Act’.”
section 330 of Title 11section 330 of Title 11“This Act [amending sections 375, 589a, and 1930 of this title and , Bankruptcy, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 152, 589a, and 1930 of this title and ] may be cited as the ‘Bankruptcy Administration Improvement Act of 2020’.”
section 83 of this titlesection 83 of this title“This Act [amending and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Divisional Realignment for the Eastern District of Arkansas Act of 2019’.”
section 1232 of Title 11section 1930 of this titlesection 1222 of Title 11“This division [enacting , Bankruptcy, amending and sections 1222, 1228, and 1229 of Title 11, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 152, 589a, and 1930 of this title and ] may be cited as the ‘Bankruptcy Judgeship Act of 2017’.”
section 1605 of this titlesection 1605 of this title“This Act [amending and enacting provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Cultural Exchange Jurisdictional Immunity Clarification Act’.”
section 2461 of this title“This section [amending and repealing provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015’.”
section 104 of this title“This Act [amending sections 104 and 105 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Divisional Realignment Act of 2012’.”
section 1931 of this title“This Act [amending sections 589a and 1930 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 152, 589a, and 1931 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Temporary Bankruptcy Judgeships Extension Act of 2012’.”
section 1392 of this title“This Act [enacting sections 1390 and 1455 of this title, amending sections 1332, 1391, 1404, 1441, 1446, and 1453 of this title, repealing , and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1332 and 1390 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011’.”
section 4101 of this title“This Act [enacting chapter 181 of this title and provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Securing the Protection of our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act’ or the ‘SPEECH Act’.”
section 509B of this titlesection 1182 of Title 8“This Act [enacting , amending sections 1103 and 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and sections 1091 and 2339A of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Human Rights Enforcement Act of 2009’.”
section 2045 of this titlesection 104 of Title 11“This Act [enacting , amending sections 103, 123, 333, 991, 1864, 1866, 1869, 1871, 1875, and 1920 of this title, , Bankruptcy, and sections 3006A, 3152, 3154, 3161, 3563, 3583, 3599, and 3672 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 123 and 1871 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Administration and Technical Amendments Act of 2008’.”
section 546 of this titlesection 546 of this title“This Act [amending and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Preserving United States Attorney Independence Act of 2007’.”
section 1453 of this title“This Act [enacting chapter 114 and , amending sections 1332, 1335, and 1603 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1332, 1711, 2071, and 2074 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Class Action Fairness Act of 2005’.”
section 1369 of this title“This section [enacting sections 1369, 1697, and 1785 of this title, amending sections 1391 and 1441 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Multiparty, Multiforum Trial Jurisdiction Act of 2002’.”
Pub. L. 107–273section 7253 of Title 38section 351 of this title“This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 11041–11044) of title I of div. C of , enacting chapter 16 of this title, amending sections 331, 332, 372, 375, and 604 of this title, and , Veterans’ Benefits, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Improvements Act of 2002’.”
section 1228 of Title 11section 2520 of this title“This Act [enacting sections 179 and 613 of this title, amending sections 117, 175, 332, 371, 376, 604, 611, 612, 627, 631, 636, 797, 996, 1865, 1930, and 2671 of this title, sections 3102 and 5551 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, , Bankruptcy, sections 3006A and 3401 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 13n of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, repealing , enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 613, 996, and 1931 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 471, 581, and 1931 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Courts Improvement Act of 2000’.”
section 651 of this titlesection 652 of this title“This Act [amending sections 651 to 658 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under , and repealing provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 1998’.”
section 719 of Title 45“This Act [enacting sections 258 and 1932 of this title, amending sections 112, 125, 134, 251, 253, 331, 332, 371, 376, 601, 621, 627, 636, 753, 954, 1332, 1404, 1406, 1442, 1446, 1827, 1914, 1931, and 1963 of this title, sections 3154, 3401, and 3603 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, sections 1983 and 1988 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and sections 719, 743, 745, 1104, and 1105 of Title 45, Railroads, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 258, 1332, 1404, 1827, 1914, 1931, and 2412 of this title and , and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 133, 152, 471, and 1913 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1996’.”
section 612 of this titlesection 651 of this title“This Act [amending , amending provisions set out as notes under sections 471 and 651 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Amendments Act of 1994’.”
section 591 of this titlesection 113 of Title 3“This Act [amending sections 591 to 596 and 599 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under and , The President] may be cited as the ‘Independent Counsel Reauthorization Act of 1994’.”
section 3701 of this title“This Act [enacting chapter 178 of this title and provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act’.”
section 471 of this title“This title [enacting chapter 23 of this title and provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990’.”
“This title [amending sections 44 and 133 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 44, 133, and 331 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Judgeship Act of 1990’.”
section 8440b of Title 5section 305 of Title 11section 15 of Title 9section 16 of Title 9section 8331 of Title 5section 307 of Title 11“This title [enacting sections 178, 1367, and 1658 of this title and , Government Organization and Employees, amending sections 108, 112, 122, 133, 152, 158, 332, 333, 375, 376, 377, 601, 602, 604, 631, 636, 995, 996, 1334, 1391, 1441, 1452, 1499, 1605, 1610, 1821, 1871, and 2072 of this title, sections 8331, 8334, 8336, 8339, and 8402 of Title 5, provisions set out in the Appendix to Title 5, and , Bankruptcy, renumbering , Arbitration, as , enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 376, 620, 631, 1367, and 1658 of this title, , , and sections 3006A and 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 533 and 581 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Courts Study Committee Implementation Act of 1990’.”
“This title [amending sections 332, 372, 453, and 2077 of this title and provisions set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 332 and 372 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Discipline and Removal Reform Act of 1990’.”
section 2044 of this titlesection 523 of Title 11section 3001 of this title“This title [enacting chapter 176 and , amending sections 550, 1962, 1963, and 2410 of this title, , Bankruptcy, and sections 3142 and 3552 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act of 1990’.”
section 831c–2 of Title 16“This Act [enacting , Conservation, amending sections 2671, 2674, and 2679 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2671 and 2679 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988’.”
section 377 of this titlesection 8440a of Title 5“This Act [enacting and , Government Organization and Employees, amending sections 155, 375, 376, 604, 631, and 636 of this title and sections 8334 and 8402 of Title 5, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 376 and 377 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Retirement and Survivors’ Annuities for Bankruptcy Judges and Magistrates Act of 1988’.”
section 599 of this titlePub. L. 95–521section 202 of Title 18section 591 of this titlesection 591 of this title“This Act [enacting , amending sections 49 and 591 to 598 of this title, sections 203 and 205 of , set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and , Crimes and Criminal Procedure, enacting provisions set out as a note under , and amending provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Independent Counsel Reauthorization Act of 1987’.”
section 121 of this title“This Act [amending sections 90 and 121 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Housekeeping Act of 1986’.”
section 288d of Title 2section 8706 of Title 5“This Act [amending sections 376, 620, 1441, 1914, and 2342 of this title, , The Congress, and sections 8706, 8714a, 8714b, and 8714c of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 376, 620, 1441, 1914, and 2342 of this title, and ] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Improvements Act of 1985’.”
Pub. L. 98–620“This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 404–411) of title IV of , amending sections 85, 90, 93, 112, 124, and 126 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 85, 90, 93, and 124 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal District Court Organization Act of 1984’.”
section 591 of this title“That this Act [amending sections 49, 591, and 592 to 598 of this title and amending provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Ethics in Government Act Amendments of 1982’.”
“This Act [amending sections 84, 95, 105, 113, and 124 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 84, 95, 105, and 113 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal District Court Organization Act of 1980’.”
section 331 of this title“This Act [amending sections 331, 332, 372, and 604 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Judicial Councils Reform and Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980’.”
section 41 of this title“That this Act [amending sections 41, 44, and 48 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Reorganization Act of 1980’.”
section 602 of this titlesection 602 of this title“That this Act [enacting sections 1827 and 1828 of this title, amending sections 602 to 604 and 1920 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under , and repealing provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Court Interpreters Act’.”
section 89 of this title“This Act [amending sections 89, 93, 97, 98, 104, 112, 114, 133 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as the ‘Federal District Court Organization Act of 1978’.”
section 1602 of this title“That this Act [enacting sections 1330 and 1602 to 1611 of this title, amending sections 1332, 1391, and 1441 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under ] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976’.”
section 256 of this title“This title [enacting sections 256 and 257 of this title, amending sections 253 to 255, 1541, 1582, 2601, 2602, and 2631 to 2639 of this title, repealing sections 1583 and 2640 to 2642 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under ] may be cited as ‘The Customs Courts Act of 1970’.”
“This title [enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 603, 604, and 753 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Judicial Salary Act of 1966’.”
section 867 of Title 10section 7443 of Title 26“This title [amending sections 5, 44, 135, 173, 213, 252, 603, and 792 of this title, , Armed Forces, section 68 of former Title 11, Bankruptcy, and , Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 603, 604 and 753 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Judicial Salary Act of 1964’.”
“The Chief Justice or his designee is authorized to accept, hold, administer, and utilize gifts and bequests of personal property pertaining to the history of the United States Supreme Court or its justices, but gifts or bequests of money shall be covered into the Treasury.”